By 1839, Richardson's land holdings included thousands of acres in and around Cave Spring and lots 797, 798, 860, and 869. As of 1800, maps showed 68 plantations outside the villages of Cruz and Coral Bay. Economics greatly shaped the encounters and exchanges between enslaved peoples and the environment, each other, and plantation owners. White supremacists used biological, religious, and paternal excuses to justify inhumane slave treatment. Constructed in 1856. One of the most enduring institutions born and cemented into black life during this time was the importance of the Church. Example of an 18th-century rum factory, and ruins of a. . If an African American ancestor Hanna gave the Pebble Hill property to his daughter, Kate Benedict This transcription includes 43 slaveholders who held 31 or more slaves in Early Soon slaves outnumbered whites in the coastal low country. Short-staple cotton, a hardier plant which grew in a wide variety of soils and climates, seemed to be the answer. was fought at the plantation of Doctor Shepherd, in Stewart county. They viewed the Christian slave mission as evidence of their own good intentions. In 1860 less than one-third of Georgias adult white male population of 132,317 were slaveholders. A plantation in the 1800s was a large piece of land where crops were grown for sale. Planters grabbed prime rice-growing land by the thousands of acres. Black Georgians began a massive voter-registration campaign and succeeded in elevating their political influence to a level higher than that of African Americans in other Deep South states. 1850, the slave census was also separate from the free census, but in earlier years it was a part of the free census. The colony of the Province of Georgia under James Oglethorpe banned slavery in 1735, the only one of the thirteen colonies to have done so. Betty Wood, Womens Work, Mens Work: The Informal Slave Economies of Lowcountry Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1995). This entrenched pattern was not broken until the scourge of the boll weevil in the late 1910s and early 20s ended the long reign of King Cotton.. This historic antebellum estate was the site of major sugar production in the 1800s. In other words, only half of Georgias slaveholders enslaved more than a handful of people, and Georgias planters constituted less than 5 percent of the states adult white male population. Because of slave resistance, this form gave way to a more lenient task system which allowed slaves to have time to themselves once they completed their given tasks. The widespread belief that the Southern plantation house was a regional . 1860 slaveholder. Linking Pebble Hill sold in 1896 to Whatever their location, enslaved Georgians resisted their enslavers with strategies that included overt violence against whites, flight, the destruction of white property, and deliberately inefficient work practices. Almost invariably, land and capital remained in white hands while labour remained largely, though not entirely, Black. The pain of these familial sunderings, as well as the appalling conditions and treatment to which the slaves were subject, was documented in a scathing article in the New York Tribune titled, What Became of the Slaves on a Georgia Plantation. The work of Mortimer Thomson, a popular journalist of the time, writing under the pseudonym Q. Getting to the fields early and working hard allowed the slaves to enjoy time together later in the day and tend their own gardens and livestock. (WJXT) Anna and some family fled to Haiti after the United States took control of Florida. Democrats held the governors office continuously until the election in 2003 of Sonny Perdue, the first Republican governor since 1868. The new house was constructed in the following 18 months and was The from of labor, whether it be a task system or a gang system, greatly shaped they encounters and exchanges occurring on the plantation landscape, and impacted life and society after the end of slavery. Learn more. A note written by the enumerator on page 368, regarding James Shackleford, who held 231 slaves, says, "Mr. S. came here The term "County" is used to describe the main subdivisions of the State by which the Watson's Plantation, which was next to . A sequel to Mrs. Kemble's Journal by Doesticks, Q. K. Philander; 1863. Today, through its dwellings, servant quarters, museum, artifacts, photo exhibits, and video presentation, the life of a slave on a coastal Georgia rice plantation . Over the antebellum era some two-thirds of the states total population lived in these counties, which encompassed roughly the middle third of the state. possible places of relocation for colored persons from Early County, included the following: Texas, up 70,000 (38%); Harvey. Historic Site Their home, built by slave labor in 1845, was preserved by three generations of the Smith family and is now open to the public as a museum. Pansy established the Pebble Hill Foundation, a private foundation Two other civil rights organizations, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the Southern Regional Council, also conducted activities from Atlanta to challenge the racial status quo. industrial rather than agricultural development. Although the Revolution fostered the growth of an antislavery movement in the northern states, white Georgia landowners fiercely maintained their commitment to slavery even as the war disrupted the plantation economy. At the same time, writer Lillian Smith published works and gave speeches that called for an end to segregation. The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. Enslaved laborers in the Lowcountry enjoyed a far greater degree of control over their time than was the case across the rest of the state, where they worked in gangs under direct white supervision. MIGRATION OF FORMER SLAVES: According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Early County population included A row of slave cabins in Chatham County is pictured in 1934. Creeks retreated a short distance, when they again formed in line, but destroyed by fire. Georgia, with the greatest number of large plantations of any state in the South, had in many respects come to epitomize plantation culture. lower because some large holders held slaves in more than one County and they would have been counted as a separate Racial conflict marked the states history in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The sale of approximately 436 men, women, children, and infants took place over the course of two days at the Ten Broeck Race Course, two miles outside of Savannah, Georgia, on March 2nd and 3rd, 1859. "Slavery in Antebellum Georgia." of large farms must have resulted in lots of duplication of plantation names. Another body of reinforcements arrived soon after Visit the North Georgia Mountains, experience acclaimed trails, heirloom orchards, delightful vineyards, tranquil rivers, & charming cabins. In 1868 the Republican Party came to power in Georgia, with the election of northern-born businessman Rufus Bullock as governor. In general, punishment was designed to maximize the slaveholders ability to gain profit from slave labor. On the other hand, Georgia courts recognized confessions from enslaved individuals and, depending on the circumstances of the case, testimony against other enslaved people. names of plantations in this County with the names of the large holders on this list should not be a difficult research task, but The site also includes a nature trail that leads back to the Visitor Center along the edge of the marsh where rice once flourished. Through the 1976 presidential election of Carter, the first Georgian ever elected to the U.S. presidency, the state gained national recognition. separate list of the surnames of the holders with information on numbers of African Americans on the 1870 census who were According to his testimony, the injuries sustained from a whipping by his overseer kept Peter, an enslaved man, bedridden for two months. Sharing the prejudice that slaveholders harbored against African Americans, nonslaveholding whites believed that the abolition of slavery would destroy their own economic prospects and bring catastrophe to the state as a whole. enumerated in 1860 without giving their names, only their sex and age and indication of any handicaps, such as deaf or blind breastwork until two rounds were fired. Amid the chaos and misfortunes unleashed by the war, enslaved African Americans as well as white slaveholders suffered the loss of property and life. Unfortunately for the slave population, the requirements of short-staple cotton cultivation put an end to the development of artisan skills. While many factors made rice cultivation increasingly difficult in the years after the Civil War, the family continued to grow rice until 1913. Picture taken bet. surname of the slaveholder, can check this list for the surname. [courtesy of Georgia Department of Economic The planter elite, who made up just 15 percent of the states slaveholder population, were far outnumbered by the 20,077 slaveholders who enslaved fewer than six people. In New Georgia Encyclopedia. In Georgia in 1860 there were 482 farms of 1,000 acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,359 farms of 500-999 acres. Ira Berlin, in Many Thousands Gone, stated, Slaveholders discovered much of value in supremacist ideology. Souvenir of the Hermitage by Henry McAlpin, From the Georgia Historical Society Rare Pamphlet Collection. Hourly plantation tours offered, last tour at 4 p.m. Closed Thanksgiving, Christmas & New Year's Day. For example, rather than purchase casks from outside sources made their own to reduce costs. It gives the county and location, a description of the house, the number of acres owned, and the number of cabins of former slaves. During those same years, however, several notable colleges for African Americans were constructed in Atlanta, including Morehouse for men and Spelman for women, making the city one of the centres of African American cultural and intellectual life in the country. The Slavery and Freedom in Savannah, ed. The publication of slave narratives and Uncle Toms Cabin in 1852 further agitated abolitionist forces (and slave owners anxieties) by putting a human face on those held by slavery. Boating, fishing, swimming, skiingor just watching the sun set! In the early nineteenth century African American preachers played a significant role in spreading the Gospel in the quarters. Plantation agriculture in the Southeastern United States, List of plantations in Georgia (U.S. state), John S. Jackson Plantation House and Outbuildings, History of slavery in Georgia (U.S. state), How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation, "National Historic Landmarks Survey: List of National Historic Landmarks by State", "National Historic Landmark Program: NHL Database", "Greenwich At Bonaventure: The Mansion, The Gardens & Statuary, The Movies: Rudolph Valentino-Stolen Moments Shooting Locations - Savannah GA", Plantation complexes in the Southern United States, Slave health on plantations in the United States, Treatment of the enslaved in the United States, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_plantations_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)&oldid=1141438523, Lists of plantation complexes in the United States by state, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Contributing property to a National Register of Historic Places historic district. Strong Freedom in the Zone. A brief film on the plantations history is shown before visitors walk a short trail to the antebellum home. dinner and in light marching order they moved in the direction of the As was the case for rice production, cotton planters relied upon the labor of enslaved African and African American people. numbers used are the rubber stamped numbers in the upper right corner of every set of two pages, with the previous Visit Blue Ridge, one of the Souths best mountain towns, where small town charm meets upscale shopping and dining. while the whites and the Creeks were at war with each other, a battle Though the census schedules speak in terms of "slave owners", the transcriber has chosen to use the The history of early Georgia is largely the history of the Creek Indians. It resembled a harsh gang system of long, hard days in marshy fields and a whip-bearing overseer close behind. 2,092 whites, 0 "free colored" and 4,057 slaves. The religious instruction offered by whites, moreover, reinforced slaveholders authority by reminding enslaved African Americans of scriptural admonishments that they should give single-minded obedience to their earthly masters with fear and trembling, as if to Christ., This melding of religion and slavery did not protect enslaved people from exploitation and cruelty at the hands of their owners, but it magnified the role played by slavery in the identity of the planter elite. Slaves were Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation 1838-1839, Internet Archive / The Johns Hopkins University Sheridan Libraries. Requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource should be submitted to the, StoryCorps Atlanta: Taft Mizell [story of great-grandmother during slavery], WABE: One on One with Steve Goss: Preserving the Gullah Geechee Culture, Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, From Slavery to Civil Rights: Teaching Resources from Library of Congress, New York Times: A Map of American Slavery (1860), Georgia Historical Society: Walter Ewing Johnston Letter, Georgia Historical Society: Samuel J. Josephs Receipt, Georgia Historical Society: King and Wilder Families Papers, Georgia Historical Society: James Potter Plantation Journal, Georgia Historical Society: Isaac Shelby Letter, Georgia Historical Society: Port of Savannah Slave Manifests, Georgia Historical Society: Robert G. Wallace Bill of Sale, Georgia Historical Society: Thomas B. Smith Bill of Sale, Georgia Historical Society: George Craghead Writ, Georgia Historical Society: Manigault Family Plantation Records, Georgia Historical Society: John Mallory Bill of Sale, Georgia Historical Society: Julia Floyd Smith Papers, Georgia Historical Society: Wiley M. Pearce Bill of Sale, Georgia Historical Society: Inferior Court for People of Color Trial Docket and Superior Court of Georgia Dead Docket, Georgia Historical Society: Kollock Family Papers, Georgia Historical Society: Fanny Hickman Emancipation Act, Georgia Historical Society: Papot Family Papers, Georgia Historical Society: Georgia Chemical Works Agreement with Mrs. H. C. Griffin, Georgia Historical Society: William Wright Ledger. Atlantas business community pursued a more open, progressive approach to the African American community than did many other Southern cities. Eugene Talmadge often condemned them, and other Georgia politicians opposed the New Deals economic reforms that threatened to undermine the traditional dominance of farmers. In 1856, a group of trustees was put in charge of his financial assets in an attempt to return him to solvency. Sherman then launched his March to the Sea, a 50-mile- (80-km-) wide swath of total destruction across Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah, some 200 miles (320 km) to the southeast; Savannah, captured in late December, was largely spared. Half of the men were faced to the Pet Notice: by no means in-active, the buzz and clang of machinery and workmen's By the 1870 census, the white population had increased about 35% to When Congress banned the African slave trade in 1808, however, Georgias enslaved population did not decline. You can unsubscribe at any time by clicking on the provided link in our emails. ALEXANDER, A. C. S., 73 slaves, District 6, page 353B, ALEXANDER, G. W., Joel W. Perry for minors of, 33 slaves, District 28 & 26, page 372, ALEXANDER, Martin T., 47 slaves, District 28, page 365, AVERITT, Abner, 40 slaves, District 4 & 28, page 362, BRYAN, William B. Those who have found a free ancestor on the 1860 Early County, Georgia census can check this list to learn if their ancestor Slaveholders resorted to an array of physical and psychological punishments in response to misconduct, including the use of whips, wooden rods, boots, fists, and dogs. The lower Piedmont, or Black Belt, countiesso named after the regions distinctively dark and fertile soil were the site of the largest, most productive cotton plantations. the Indians and Captain Garmany was seriously wounded. Guided tours are offered of the restored mansion's antique-filled rooms, as well as its lush gardens and grounds shaded with live oak trees. Jim Jordan, The Slave-Traders Letter-Book: Charles Lamar, the Wanderer, and Other Tales of the African Slave Trade (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2017). Slaves 100 years of age or older were supposed to be named on the 1860 slave schedule, but there were only 1,570 slaves of term "slaveholder" rather than "slave owner", so that questions of justice and legality of claims of ownership need not be This beautiful plantation represents the history and culture of Georgia's rice coast. whom she had two children, was Robert Livingston Ireland. In the same manner as their enslaved ancestors, women on Sapelo Island hull rice with a mortar and pestle, circa 1925. New Georgia Encyclopedia, 20 October 2003, https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/slavery-in-antebellum-georgia/. The efforts of Gratz, Miriam and Ophelia Dent led to the preservation of their family legacy. Genealogy Trails The cotton was grown on inland plantations and then transported by river to Charleston and Savannah where commission agents (factors), bankers, merchants and shipping services provided planters with connections to the markets in the . Where did freed Georgia slaves go if they did not stay in Excluding slaves, the 1860 U.S. population was 27,167,529, with about 1 in 70 being a A guided tour allows visitors to see the home as Ophelia kept it with family heirlooms, 18th and 19th century furniture and Cantonese china. Cozy cabins, beautiful views, lakes, waterfalls and friendly people. This article describes the plantation system in America as an instrument of British colonialism characterized by social and political inequality. Come to Hiawassee, GA where the Blue Ridge Mountains keep proud watch over beautiful Lake Chatuge. Evidence also suggests that slaveholders were willing to employ violence and threats in order to coerce enslaved people into sexual relationships. the ancestor is found to have been a slaveholder, a viewing of the slave census will provide an informed sense of the extent In 1864 Union troops under Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman invaded Georgia from the north. By the 1830s cotton plantations had spread across most of the state. Using plantation names to locate ancestors LARGEST SLAVEHOLDERS FROM 1860 SLAVE CENSUS SCHEDULES, SURNAME MATCHES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. The 48,000 Africans imported into Georgia during this era accounted for much of the initial surge in the enslaved population. Under pressure from Georgia, Creeks . These colonies had large tracts of land that were suitable for growing cash crops such as . "Pansy" Ireland. C.?, 46 slaves, District 28, page 366B, CORBIN, Jno. Jimmy Carter succeeded Maddox, governed as a racial moderate, and pushed the state toward a progressive image that was more in line with that of the city of Atlanta. Perks include receiving twice-a-year our very special themed postcard packs and getting 10% off our prints. Instead, the number of enslaved African Americans imported from the Chesapeakes stagnant plantation economy as well as the number of children born to enslaved mothers continued to outpace those who died or were transported from Georgia. Garmany to escape. By the late 1820s white slaveholders in Georgialike their counterparts across the Southincreasingly feared that antislavery forces were working to liberate the enslaved population. The resulting Geechee culture of the Georgia coast was the counterpart of the better-known Gullah culture of the South Carolina Lowcountry. gin house and some other buildings was reached and the fence used as a Most enslaved Georgians therefore had access to a community that partially offset the harshness of bondage. The loss of the When the American Civil War began in 1861, most white southerners (slave owners or not) joined in the defense of the Confederate States of America (Confederacy), which Georgia had helped to create. SURNAME MATCHES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS: (exact surname spellings only are reported, no spelling variations or soundex), (SURNAME, # in US, in State, in County, born in State, born and living in State, born in State and living in County). Georgia? The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. Spend days filled with delectable local dishes, uncommon shopping experiences, magnificent views, and nights by the fire with a sky overhead bursting with stars. Plantation home architecture not truly Southern (1952) By Fred L. Halpern - The Knoxville Journal (Tennessee) July 6, 1952. In the 1800s, the main reason for large plantations was to produce cash crops, such as tobacco, rice, and cotton. Explore Henry County and find not only tiny, decorated squirrel dining spots throughout the community, but also an array of outdoor adventures waiting to be explored just 20 miles south of Atlanta. Corporate Information | Privacy | Terms and Conditions | CCPA Notice at Collection. Also known as the William Cannon Houston House. 1,000 acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,359 farms of 500-999 acres. In the early 1800s, using enslaved African laborers, William Brailsford of Charleston carved a rice plantation from marshes along the Altamaha River. [8] : 8 Virginia [ edit] Main article: List of plantations in Virginia The actual number of slaveholders may be slightly Some one-fifth of the states enslaved population was owned by slaveholders who enslaved fewer than ten people. [1] [2] [3] Soon fewer than five percent of Georgia landholders owned twenty percent of the land a situation the founding Trustees had hoped to prevent. Marietta became the site of a giant factory where B-29 bombers were built. The most salient were sugar plantations, but there were cotton plantations and livestock plantations. Today the site Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The antebellum era was when Georgia, of white Southerners owned large plantations with more than fifty enslaved workers. The brick, once called McAlpins Gray Brick, originated from the gray clay on Henry McAlpins Hermitage plantation located on the Savannah River. In the 1980s and 90s Democrats and Republicans competed actively for most offices, and the Republicans captured several congressional seats. Blairsville offers the perfect mountain getaway. can be difficult because the name of a plantation may have been changed through the years and because the sizeable number An ancestor not shown to Due to variable film quality, handwriting Also known as Petway House or the Buell-King House. Since the colonial era, children born of enslaved mothers were deemed chattel, doomed to follow the condition of the mother irrespective of the fathers status. Courtesy of New York Historical Society, Photograph by Pierre Havens.. They typically experienced some degree of community and they tended to be healthier than enslaved people in the Lowcountry, but they were also surrounded by far greater numbers of whites. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the rights holder. 20042023 Georgia Humanities, University of Georgia Press. The arrival of Union gunboats along the Georgia coast in late 1861 marked the beginning of the end of white ownership of enslaved African Americans. A museum features silver from the family collection and a model of the original estate. to see if there were smaller slaveholders with that surname. Gullah culture formed the basis for many slave communities. Since the colonial era, children born of enslaved mothers were deemed chattel, doomed to follow the condition of the mother irrespective of the fathers status. Slavery in Georgia is known to have been practiced by European colonists. In the early 1800s cotton culture was lucrative, and many planters plowed their profits into acquiring more land and slaves. Published information giving names of slaveholders and numbers of slaves held in Early County, Georgia, in Although the organisers said they'd not break up families, it soon proved a hollow promise. Number of slaves in 1790 was 29,264; in 1800 was . Language and cultural traditions from West Africa were retained in the Geechee culture that developed in the Sea Islands. This led to an intensified relationship between whites and blacks. This pen-and-ink drawing and watercolor by Henry Byam Martin depicts a slave market in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1833. Reconstruction in Georgia was violent and brief. 3 miles east of Savannah, GA Copyright the source or at the time of the source, with African American being used otherwise. It should be noted however, that in the fire and was included in the plans for the new house. The rest of the slaves in the County were held by a total 2,826, while the "colored" population increased about 3% to 4,172. Most of this growth has occurred in and around Atlanta, which by the end of the 20th century had gained international stature, largely through its hosting of the 1996 Olympic Games. By fall 1864, however, Union troops led by General William T. Sherman had begun their destructive march from Atlanta to Savannah, a military advance that effectively uprooted the foundations for plantation slavery in Georgia. Although slavery played a dominant economic and political role in Georgia, most white Georgians did not claim people as property. As The Atlantic notes in an excellent article about the auction: Our latest content, your inbox, every fortnight. Statesmen like Senator Robert Toombs argued that secession was a necessary response to a longstanding abolitionist campaign to disturb our security, our tranquillityto excite discontent between the different classes of our people, and to excite our slaves to insurrection. 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