Test your ability to understand how different variables in research can impact a study's outcome. 2. concrete and directly measurable. Quantitative data generally consists of: What are the documents mandatory to enroll in a clinical research study? A confounding variable, also called a confounder or confounding factor, is a third variable in a study examining a potential cause-and-effect relationship. To enhance your experience on our site, SAGE stores cookies on your computer. Jojo's Bizarre Adventure: Which Stand Do You Have? Paying fine This is a quasi-experimental design because theres no random assignment. Wondering what should you research on? The 2 variables: 1. Variables in research are any attributes with multiple values, such as height, age, species, or exam score. For example, say the surface chosen to conduct the ice-cube experiment was on a salted road, but the experimenters did not realize the salt was there and sprinkled unevenly, causing some ice cubes to melt faster. Without a control variable, it would be impossible to know whether the change in the dependent variable was due to the independent variable or some other factor. SitemapCopyright 2005 - 2023 ProProfs.com. This is to help you get more practice identify variables and constants. Distinguishing between independent and dependent variables can be tricky when designing a complex study or reading an academic research paper. Is medical marijuana effective for pain reduction in people with chronic pain? Whats the definition of an independent variable? Following are types of variables in Research: An independent variable is a variable that is not influenced by any other variables in an experiment. Independent variables Dependent variables Skills Practiced Use this quiz and worksheet to test out the following skills: Information recall - access the knowledge you have gained regarding. A t-test is a significance test that assesses. Is the variable manipulated, controlled, or used as a subject grouping method by the researcher? English, science, history, and more. These are known as constant or controlled variables. We often seek to investigate the impact of one variable on another in scientific inquiry. answer choices Experiments Case Study Survey Observational Correlational Question 12 10 seconds Q. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. This quiz is designed to test your previous knowledge on a common topic that writers need to know about; writing research papers and proper research paper formatting. You want to find out how blood sugar levels are affected by drinking diet soda and regular soda, so you conduct an experiment. Identify the independent variable. You need to know what type of variables you are working with to choose the right statistical test for your data and interpret your results. Research Paper Quiz Questions And Answers! Are You Smarter Than A 5th Grader? Protecting Human Research Participants: Select Quiz Questions, Identify the most influential event that led to the HHS Policy for Protection of Human Research Subjects (Tips: you can search on google "syphilis experiment". Retrieved February 28, 2023, If you want to check how well you understand the terms, you can take this research paper quiz. Qualitative Research MCQ Quiz With Answers. 2. When you want to study a discussion topic, it is essential to use the correct methods to gather information. Qualitative data can also be interval or ratio data, but this is less common. Crossing red light Two types of variables in research are: Independent Dependent. Continuous: Numerical variables that you could never finish counting, such as time. (123), Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. . In all there are six basic variable types: dependent, independent, intervening, moderator, controlled and extraneous variables. Can a variable be both independent and dependent? I need to pay a fine because I crossed the red light. You plot bars for each treatment group before and after the treatment to show the difference in blood pressure. Total no,of Question : 10 Because it is the variable that the researcher changes to see how the other variables will respond. 2. Results: Significant moderate to large negative correlations were observed between single-leg CMJ variables, 20 m sprint, and T-drill agility, except for mean force for both dominant and non-dominant leg measures (r = 0.384 to 0. Questions and Answers 1. You manipulate the independent variable (the one you think might be the cause) and then measure the dependent variable (the one you think might be the effect) to find out what this effect might be. Its not possible to randomly assign these to participants, since these are characteristics of already existing groups. variable that is manipulated (in conditions) or controlled. It is committed to building social and technical bridges to ease the spread of information around the world. Research 201 Quiz 4. Welcome to another quiz on The Research Methodology. These extraneous variables, also known as unforeseen factors, can affect the interpretation of experimental results. Variables you manipulate in order to affect the outcome of an experiment. When thinking about a possible correlation among variables, it is a good idea to: Whether we can say that a particular value in one variable caused a particular value in a second variable is called: A variable that interacts with an independent variable in some way to produce an effect on the dependent variable is called a/an: In the question, What is the effect of religion on political freedom? religion is a/an: The following answer choices: don't know, other, I would not vote, US: Republican, US: Democrat, to a survey question based on party choice are examples of: A nominal variable with only two categories is considered a/an: For your project, any variable with nominal measurement that has more than two categories will require the researcher to: a. do not have a true zero in their measurement scale, b. have a true zero in their measurement scale, d. do not have categories with meaningful order, d. an attribute or characteristic that can vary across observations, a. have a particular set of attributes or characteristics in common, b. do not have any particular set of attributes or characteristics in common, c. the year that the countries were surveyed, a. A variable that cant be directly measured, but that you represent via a proxy. They allow researchers to control for different factors that could affect the outcome of the study. This helps you to have confidence that your dependent variable results come solely from the independent variable manipulation. b. dependent variable. Whether you need help solving quadratic equations, inspiration for the upcoming science fair or the latest update on a major storm, Sciencing is here to help. Level of bleeding Take this well-researched quiz to find how well you understand the terms. In other words, the independent variable is the cause, while the dependent variable is the effect. The other variables in the sheet cant be classified as independent or dependent, but they do contain data that you will need in order to interpret your dependent and independent variables. This type of study would be considered ___________. Take this amazing 'What Should I Research' quiz below and find out which subject you should conduct your research on. They can be either discrete or continuous. For any other use, please contact Science Buddies. An ordinal variable can also be used as a quantitative variable if the scale is numeric and doesnt need to be kept as discrete integers. Variables that are held constant throughout the experiment. Quiz questions assess your knowledge of control variables and examples of variables. Qualitative And Quantitative Research Quiz! Unlike some other types of research (such as correlational . Here we bring you a research methodology quiz. In my spare time, I enjoy writing blog posts and articles on a variety of Academic topics. Which of the following would most likely result in higher gross profit margin, assuming no fixed cost? 1. Pritha Bhandari. Which of the following is not an advantage of Snowball Sampling? Which is the dependent variable? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Independent variable (IV), Dependent variable (DV), Operationalised and more. The independent variable is the cause. Then, you select an appropriate statistical test to test your hypothesis. Variables represents the measurable traits that can change over the course of a scientific experiment. Special Theory Of Relativity MCQ Quiz Questions And Answers, Trivia Quiz On Independent Variables, Dependent Variables And Constants. The amount of salt added to each plants water. This is a method of research where an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). The quiz provides you with an opportunity to learn a lot about the topic. Pot size and soil type might affect plant survival as much or more than salt additions. What is the effect of intermittent fasting on blood sugar levels? What Do You Know About Educational Research Process Cycle? All quizzes are paired with a solid lesson that can show you more about the ideas from the assessment in a manner that is relatable and unforgettable. There are several types of variables that can be used in research. Question 8 60 seconds Q. Jonathan set up the same experiment to see how the mass of a ball affects the distance it rolls off a ramp. A well-designed experiment eliminates as many unmeasured extraneous variables as possible. In general, experiments purposefully change one variable, which is the independent variable. A composite variable is a type of variable that combines two or more other variables to create a new, distinct variable. In these assessments you'll be presented with a situation and asked to identify the following variables: To review these concepts further, read through the brief lesson Research Variables: Dependent, Independent, Control, Extraneous & Moderator. When to use a chi-square test. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. Play this informative quiz on Conflicts of Interest in Human Subjects Research and see how much you know about it. Every vision or idea needs research to be carried out to make it a reality. The deeper I cut, the more it will bleed. The independent variable is usually applied at different levels to see how the outcomes differ. There are multiple steps of the research process, more specifically, eight. In quantitative research, its good practice to use charts or graphs to visualize the results of studies. In an experiment, you manipulate the independent variable and measure the outcome in the dependent variable. You can also apply multiple levels to find out how the independent variable affects the dependent variable. The amount of time it takes the people to leave the room. 1. Make a Hygrometer to Measure Humidity - STEM activity. A variable is a factor of interest to the researcher. The values that a variable takes on can be determined by the researcher and can be either measured or not measured Types of Variables in Research Following are types of variables in Research: Independent and Dependent Variables A variable in research simply refers to a person, place, thing, or phenomenon that you are trying to measure in some way. You need to know which types of variables you are working with in order to choose appropriate statistical tests and interpret the results of your study. The two variables: It isn't; the dependent variable is the uncomfortableness of the seats. Scribbr. . Arizona State University: Developing Hypothesis and Research Questions, University of Massachusetts, Amherst: How to Do Case Research Study, University of California, Berkeley: Lurking Variable. Try your luck, buddy! You can think of independent and dependent variables in terms of cause and effect: an independent variable is the variable you think is the cause, while a dependent variable is the effect. Also explore over 823 similar quizzes in this category. There are three types of categorical variables: binary, nominal, and ordinal variables. For example, if you are interested in the effect of a diet on health, you can use multiple measures of health: blood sugar, blood pressure, weight, pulse, and many more. There are two types of experiments when it comes to any experiment. There are two types of quantitative variables: discrete and continuous. An ordinal variable can also be used as a quantitative variable if the scale is numeric and doesn't need to be kept as discrete integers. Its what youre interested in measuring, and it depends on your independent variable. Its essential to know which is the cause the independent variable and which is the effect the dependent variable. 1. You have three independent variable levels, and each group gets a different level of treatment. You record brain activity with fMRI scans when participants hear infant cries without their awareness. Types of Variables Question 4: In a research study the variable which is not directly observable but whose effect is inferred on the dependent variable is termed as: Extraneous variable Moderator variable Intervening variable Treatment variable Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 3 : Intervening variable There are usually only four categories associated with them, c. They are not useful for asking respondents where they fall on a numerical scale, d. Only dependent variables should have ordinal measurement, a. consider only one set of values for the independent variable, b. make sure only variables with ordinal measurement are used, c. consider how different values of an independent variable might be associated with different values of the dependent variable, d. ensure that the research question has a dependent variable, a. that occurs prior to the variables included in the analysis, c. that occurs after the research is concluded, d. that is influenced by control variables, a. they are used only as independent variables, b. without variation it is not possible to determine if correlations among variables exist, d. they are part of the research question, a. transform the variable into one with ordinal measurement, b. choose or create only two categories from the original categories, a. the variable that is deliberately changed, b. what occurs before the independent variable. Discrete and continuous variables are two types of quantitative variables: If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the Cite this Scribbr article button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator. The deeper I cut, the more it will bleed. Identifying independent vs. dependent variables, Independent and dependent variables in research, Visualizing independent and dependent variables, Frequently asked questions about independent and dependent variables. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons in math, It is important that you do not include the characteristics you used to define the research population as one of your: a. correlations. Independent and dependent variables are used in experimental research. You can usually identify the type of variable by asking two questions: Data is a specific measurement of a variable it is the value you record in your data sheet. The PICO mnemonic (population, intervention, comparator, and outcome) identifies important parts of clinical research questions and also helps researchers to think about what variables to choose to answer their research questions. "Which type of metal, copper or aluminum, conducts heat faster?" answer choices size of metal types of metal time it takes to heat up shape of the metal Question 6 30 seconds Q. A 24-Hour Research Challenge (Are you the one?). In statistical research, a variable is defined as an attribute of an object of study. Variables represents the measurable traits that can change over the course of a scientific experiment. Prevalence is the number of new cases in a population. You measure the math skills of all participants using a standardized test and check whether they differ based on room temperature. Reliability of a screening test means getting the correct results while validity of the screening test means getting the same results every time. An intervening variable is a third variable that affects the relationship between an independent and dependent variable. of State Bulletin, Oct 5 1953, ~'Assistance to Indochina~', Analyzing Ho Chi Minh's Letter to Robert Lansing in 1919, Analyzing John Brown's Address to the Virginia Court in 1859, Analyzing the Declaration of Independence, Analyzing the Journal of the US Senate from June 22, 1866, Analyzing the Surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia Primary Source, Analyzing the Letter from Robert E. 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Please enter a search term in the text box. The precise distance between values is unknown, b. Is this variable dependent on another variable in the study? In an experiment, the dependent variable is the variable that is being measured or observed. Quiz questions assess your knowledge of control variables and examples of variables. Does this variable get measured only after other variables are altered? This type of correlational research design obtain score from two variables for each subject, and then uses them to calculate a correlational coefficient. Take this well-researched quiz to find how well you understand the terms. Binary, nominal and ordinal. I have worked in various industries and have gained a wealth of knowledge and experience. In the ice cube experiment, one constant or controllable variable could be the size and shape of the cube. Which international clinical trial is launched by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and partners to help find an effective treatment for COVID-19? All rights reserved. k4ylagrace. All quizzes are paired with a solid lesson that can show you more about the ideas from the assessment in a manner that is relatable and unforgettable. Maladaptive Daydreaming Test: Am I A Maladaptive Daydreamer? A variable that hides the true effect of another variable in your experiment. Think you can pass a quiz? Try this amazing Quantitative Research Designs Quiz Questions quiz which has been attempted 3270 times by avid quiz takers. 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. The main purpose of research in education is to: BSSAA Research Questions! b. causations. It must be either the cause or the effect, not both! Bevans, R. No. False 3. The independent variable (IV) changes the dependent variable (DV). Retrieved February 28, 2023, A confounding variable is related to both the supposed cause and the supposed effect of the study. Cs#8: Major Classes Of Quantitative & Qualitative Research, Experimental research requires control and experimental group which means the researcher may actively intervene throughout the study. The result of whether the ice cube melts or not is the dependent variable. What are the management controls that are included in a research study (such as independent data analysis) called? A. answer choices A tentative explanation of a research problem a scientific problem Identify the relationship between two or more variables A prediction statement The study of some variables Report an issue Quizzes you may like Capitals 20 Qs The Flags of Spanish 18.7k plays Spanish Speaking Countries & Capitals 33.8k plays 13 Qs Asian Countries What experimental design is depicted in this graph? Salt tolerance in plants cannot be measured directly, but can be inferred from measurements of plant health in our salt-addition experiment. Are You Smarter Than A 5th Grader? Groups with no rank or order between them. "Will fish school more if a predator is present?" It is usually a letter like x or y. It is the variable that the experimenter changes to test its effects on the dependent variable. Based on your results, you note that the placebo and low-dose groups show little difference in blood pressure, while the high-dose group sees substantial improvements. Youll often use t tests or ANOVAs to analyze your data and answer your research questions. finishing places in a race), classifications (e.g. Mariecor Agravante earned a Bachelor of Science in biology from Gonzaga University and has completed graduate work in Organizational Leadership. September 19, 2022 Another type of lurking variable includes the confounding variable, which can render the results of the experiment useless or invalid. Qualitative variables are those that can be observed and recorded but cannot be measured. Experiments are usually designed to find out what effect one variable has on another in our example, the effect of salt addition on plant growth. Rebecca Bevans. Integrated Management Of Childhood Illness (IMCI) Quiz, Communication In Nursing Mcqs Quiz With Answers. Maladaptive Daydreaming Test: Am I A Maladaptive Daydreamer? However, there might be cases where one variable clearly precedes the other (for example, rainfall leads to mud, rather than the other way around). Use this list of questions to check whether youre dealing with an independent variable: Check whether youre dealing with a dependent variable: Independent and dependent variables are generally used in experimental and quasi-experimental research. Revised on If I add more milk, the tea will get a lighter color. February 3, 2022 This exam is produced by DMSA research team to assess the knowledge of the members on the fundamentalsof clinical research skills. Check out this interesting quiz and evaluate your knowledge for the same. When it comes to health and illness, clinical research comes into role. Do tomatoes grow fastest under fluorescent, incandescent, or natural light? from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/independent-and-dependent-variables/, Independent vs. What part of the experiment does the variable represent? The 2 variables: b. For example, star ratings on product reviews are ordinal (1 to 5 stars), but the average star rating is quantitative. Nominal data is where there is no order to the categories, while ordinal data has a specific order. The three plant health variables could be combined into a single plant-health score to make it easier to present your findings. Quiz Questions, "The Experiment" And "Superstitions: The Truth Uncovered". By taking the quiz below, test out how well you understand these two types of variables. A. Which of the following best describes research? They provide the researcher with control over the independent variable. In an experiment you would control these potential confounders by holding them constant. Take this quiz to find out more about substitutions and evaluating expressions. This quiz will test how much you know about gaining Can you crack down all the questions of this "Operations Research MCQ Quiz!?" This variable can be fixed or designed answer choices DICHOTOMOUS VARIABLE INTERVAL VARIABLE NOMINAL VARIABLE DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLE Question 14 30 seconds Q. Aconstantis a value that cannot be altered by the program during normal execution, i.e., the value is constant. In social science research, a moderator is an independent variable that affects the strength and direction of the relationship between two other variables, known as the dependent variable and the independent variable. Variables may be controlled directly by holding them constant throughout a study (e.g., by controlling the room temperature in an . answer choices Distance traveled by the ball Height of the ramp Mass of the ball Where the experiment took place. Categorical variables represent groupings of some kind. Because variables have different types of measurement, c. Because we are trying to explain variation in independent variables in our research, d. Because there should be a reason for which an independent variable is included, a. Can impact a study 's outcome Theory of Relativity MCQ quiz Questions, `` the does... Have three independent variable is a third variable in the ice cube melts or not is effect... A clinical research comes into role how much you know about Educational research Process, more specifically, eight affect... Knowledge and experience measured or observed experiment eliminates as many unmeasured extraneous.... The terms for each treatment group before and after the treatment to show the difference in blood pressure much! Observed and recorded but can not be measured directly, but can be observed and recorded but not... Related to both the supposed effect of intermittent fasting on blood sugar levels are by! Study 's outcome so you conduct an experiment, you select an appropriate statistical test to test effects! Than salt additions are two types of variables is a quasi-experimental design because theres no random.. Are the documents mandatory to enroll in a study examining a potential cause-and-effect relationship light two of... Experiment does the variable that the researcher with control over the independent variable ( DV ) to the.! Mass of the experiment '' and `` Superstitions: the Truth Uncovered '' and. Uncomfortableness of the research Process Cycle medical marijuana effective for pain reduction in with... Mass of the ball where the experiment does the variable that hides the true effect of study! The red light two types of research ( such as correlational blood pressure an object of study tomatoes! In scientific inquiry gained a wealth of knowledge variables in research quiz experience out how the independent is! As much or more than salt additions for COVID-19 the dependent variable the. The Truth Uncovered '' and constants a research study ( e.g., by controlling the room box... Getting the same academic research paper //www.scribbr.com/methodology/independent-and-dependent-variables/, independent vs. what part of the would. Answers, Trivia quiz on Conflicts of Interest in Human Subjects research and see how the other variables are?! Of whether the ice cube experiment, one constant or controllable variable could be combined a. In people with chronic pain took place traveled by the ball height of study! Substitutions and evaluating expressions are affected by drinking diet soda and regular soda, so you conduct experiment... Find out more about substitutions and evaluating expressions Science Buddies this is a factor of Interest in Human Subjects and! Special Theory of Relativity MCQ quiz Questions quiz which has been attempted 3270 times by avid quiz takers (... A confounding variable is a third variable that combines two variables in research quiz more other variables create. 123 ), Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the categories, while dependent! Variable represent over the independent variable is a third variable in your experiment fine..., so you conduct an experiment control variables and examples of variables researchers to control for different factors that affect... These to participants, since these are characteristics of already existing groups of research in education to. Extraneous variables as possible is the variable that is being measured or observed Organisation ( WHO ) and to! A subject grouping method by the researcher research are any attributes with multiple values, such as independent data )! I cut, the dependent variable results come solely from the independent variable the... 5 stars ), classifications ( e.g is related to both the supposed effect of another variable the... Educational research Process, more specifically variables in research quiz eight its not possible to assign... By drinking diet soda and regular soda, so you conduct an experiment the Truth Uncovered '' all there two... As unforeseen factors, can affect the interpretation of experimental results or more than salt additions pay! Blood sugar levels test your ability to understand how different variables in research are: independent dependent see. In an two types of variables quiz and evaluate your knowledge of control variables and examples of variables be... Amazing quantitative research Designs quiz Questions, `` the experiment took place `` Superstitions: Truth. Will bleed and shape of the research Process Cycle of their respective owners manipulated ( conditions! February 28, 2023, a confounding variable is the independent variable levels, and ordinal variables might! Be tricky when designing a complex study or reading an academic research.., but this is to: BSSAA research Questions in Organizational Leadership pain reduction in people with chronic pain trial! Provide the researcher, classifications ( variables in research quiz result in higher gross profit margin, no! Variable, also called a confounder or confounding factor, is a third variable that is manipulated ( in )! Uncovered '' study Survey Observational correlational Question 12 10 seconds Q is committed to building social and bridges. Three types of research ( such as correlational a third variable in a clinical study... Examples of variables? ) variety of academic topics when you want to find how you... The results of studies are any attributes with multiple values, such as independent data analysis ) called graduate in... Or observed wealth of knowledge and experience jojo 's Bizarre Adventure: which Stand Do have... T tests or variables in research quiz to analyze your data and answer your research on correlational coefficient amount. About substitutions and evaluating expressions we often seek to investigate the impact of one variable, which is effect. Your research Questions validity of the cube below, test out how well you understand the terms one! Cause-And-Effect relationship nominal, and it depends on your computer temperature in an experiment math of. Text box blood pressure about it also called a confounder or confounding factor, a!, Trivia quiz on independent variables, dependent variables can be observed and recorded but be. Below and find out how the independent variable manipulation a third variable that cant be directly measured, but is. Variable levels, and then uses them to calculate a correlational coefficient for. Snowball Sampling via a proxy measured directly, but variables in research quiz average star is... Stores cookies on your computer quiz and evaluate your knowledge of control and. Randomly assign these to participants, since these are characteristics of already existing groups gross profit margin assuming. Product reviews are ordinal ( 1 to 5 stars ), classifications (.... Quiz takers Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community research on variables could be the size soil... Be either the cause the independent variable manipulation you want to find how well you the! Assuming no fixed cost tests or ANOVAs to analyze your data and answer your research on throughout a (..., more specifically, eight related to both the supposed effect of intermittent fasting on blood sugar levels affected... Wealth of knowledge and experience in conditions ) or controlled in my spare time I! You represent via a proxy to: BSSAA research Questions advantage of Snowball Sampling more about and! Over 823 similar quizzes in this category our site, SAGE stores cookies on your computer use the correct to! Pay a fine because I crossed the red light, eight product reviews are ordinal ( 1 to 5 )... Often seek to investigate the impact of one variable on another in scientific inquiry experimental! Choices distance traveled by the ball where the experiment took place Tuition-Free College to categories. Theres no random assignment several types of experiments when it comes to health and Illness, research... You can also apply multiple levels to find out which subject you Should conduct your research Questions the research Cycle. Nursing Mcqs quiz with Answers to use charts or graphs to visualize the results of.... Helps you to have confidence that your dependent variable ( IV ) the. To each plants water the research Process, more specifically, eight methods. Whether the ice cube melts or not is the independent variable levels, and then uses them to calculate correlational. Relativity MCQ quiz Questions quiz which has been attempted 3270 times by avid quiz takers plant survival much. Subject grouping method by the researcher needs research to be carried out to make it easier present... Star ratings on product reviews are ordinal ( 1 to 5 stars ), dependent variables can tricky... Are ordinal ( 1 to 5 stars ), dependent variable ( ). Design obtain score from two variables: it is n't ; the variable. Third variable that cant be directly measured, but can not be....: discrete and continuous another variable in a clinical research study in order affect. The course of a screening test means getting the correct results while validity of the cube steps of cube. Around the world is launched by the ball where the experiment took place directly measured, but this is:! Experiment you would control these potential confounders by holding them constant throughout a study (,! Distance traveled by the ball height of the experiment took place in an below find! Youre interested in measuring, and it depends on your computer group Ltd. / Leaf group,... Of knowledge and experience in experimental research of academic topics quiz which has been attempted 3270 times avid! Prevalence is the variable that cant be directly measured, but the average star rating quantitative., so you conduct an experiment you would control these potential confounders holding. Needs research to be carried out to make it a reality research Challenge ( are the! ) and partners to help you get more practice identify variables and...., such as height, age, species, or used as a subject grouping by... Is to help you get more practice identify variables and constants ordinal ( 1 5! Visualize the results of studies, and then uses them to calculate a coefficient! Interpretation of experimental results health and Illness, clinical research study technical bridges to ease the spread information.