Boars with positive farrowing rate deviation showed ejaculates with higher (P<0.05) SP concentrations of OXT (meanSEM; 21.944.24ng/mL) than boars with negative farrowing rate deviation (9.040.82ng/mL) (Fig. Some women have no problems with the medication, while others end up dissatisfied with the effect it has on their labor. A Procedure for Oxytocin Measurement in Hair of Pig: Analytical Validation and a Pilot Application. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. During this 12-month period, the ejaculates of these boars were used to produce liquid-storage semen AI-doses (2,400106 of total spermatozoa in 80mL). Novak S, Ruiz-Sanchez A, Dixon WT, Foxcroft GR, Dyck MK. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00728. Presence of meconium staining and umbilical cord hemorrhage also were evaluated. A hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to classify the boars into groups according to fertility outcomes. Certainly, the complex composition of SP together with its essential roles for sperm function as well as in the successful reproductive performance of female genital tract, make SP a valuable source for eventual male fertility biomarkers [9,10,11,12]. Morgan HL, Watkins AJ. The SP concentration of OXT did not differ among breeds (inter-breed variability), the four breeds showing similar concentrations (median, 2575th percentiles; Pietrain: 14.23, 9.9145.95ng/mL; Duroc: 18.43, 6.7837.86ng/mL; Landrace: 11.70, 9.3616.13ng/mL; Large White: 20.99, 16.8225.09ng/mL; Fig. Oxytocin is a hormone of interest in reproduction, but also in the field of psychology and behavior, being considered as a biomarker of positive emotions. Synthetic oxytocin, sold under the brand name Pitocin among others, is a medication made from the peptide oxytocin. Bodanszky M, Sharaf H, Roy JB, Said SI. The easiest way to lookup drug information, identify pills, check interactions and set up your own personal medication records. Article The 18-AI boars included in this sub-study were those of Landrace and Large White breeds, whose semen was collected (four ejaculates per boar) over a 12-month period (one SP sample per boar every four mos.) One-way ANOVA was carried to evaluate potential differences on SP-OXT concentration between the three groups. Seminal OXT concentrations (ng/mL) were measured in 169 ejaculates from 61 boars of the Duroc, Pietrain, Landrace and Large White breeds using a direct competitive immunoassay test based on AlphaLISA technology. 2016;24:e2744. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983; 145:777780. It is indicated for (1) induction of labor in patients with a medical indication for the initiation of labor, such as Rh problems, maternal diabetes, preeclampsia at or near term, when delivery is in the best interests of mother and fetus or when membranes are prematurely ruptured and delivery is indicated; (2) stimulation or reinforcement of labor, as in selected cases of uterine inertia; (3) as adjunctive therapy in the management of incomplete or inevitable abortion. The differences between men and male pigs in reproductive OXT secretion could be explained by differences in mating strategy. Physiological Assessment of the Health and Welfare of Domestic Cats-An Exploration of Factors Affecting Urinary Cortisol and Oxytocin. Pitocin: Package Insert / Prescribing Information - Drugs.com Oxytocin has been shown to have an intrinsic antidiuretic effect, acting to increase water reabsorption from the glomerular filtrate. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. This data indicated that the percent of litters with one or more still births was increased in each of the farms when oxytocin was given to the sow some time during the birth process (Figure 1). Overstimulation of the uterus by improper administration can be hazardous to both mother and fetus. Entire ejaculates were collected using a semi-automatic collection method (Collectis, IMV Technologies, LAigle, France) and those used in the experiments exceeded the quantity and sperm quality thresholds for production of semen AI-doses. In pigs, the main role attributed to OXT is to facilitate the contractility of the myometrium [28]. Consideration should, therefore, be given to the possibility of water intoxication, particularly when oxytocin is administered continuously by infusion and the patient is receiving fluids by mouth. Endocrinology. Anim. Overdosage with oxytocin depends essentially on uterine hyperactivity whether or not due to hypersensitivity to this agent. Moreover, childbirth including Pitocin is no less beautiful or heroic than a "natural" oneand the important thing is the baby that ends up in your arms. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.1996.tb00476.x. 10 Units/mL, Pitocin Therefore, the measurement of the SP concentrations of OXT could lead to a better selection of boars used in AI programs, contributing to the successful improvement of AI efficiency. eCollection 2022. CAS In this regard, Okazaki et al. doi: 10.1002/ajp.22871. Perez-Patino C, Barranco I, Ruber M, Broekhuijse M, Padilla L, Alvarez-Rodriguez M, et al. That said, Pitocin does make contractions stronger, which may translate into stronger pain. The SP-OXT concentrations had not influence on functional sperm parameters in liquid-stored AI-semen. Assinder SJ, Carey M, Parkinson T, Nicholson HD. 2021 Aug 2;8:715261. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.715261. Don't force Hum Reprod Update. Your personal experience may also depend on your expectations,how you and your baby respond, and how your practitioner uses the medication. Jordi Roca. It could be postulated that the local action of OXT would be more active in the accessory glands (adds volume to ejaculates) than in the epididymis (adds sperm to ejaculates). Also, severe meconium staining was higher in live born and still born pigs born in oxytocin treated litters. This is known as augmentation of labor. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Oxytocin usage should be limited to older parity sows and the last half of the birth order. Salivary Cortisol, but Not Oxytocin, Varies With Social Challenges in Domestic Pigs: Implications for Measuring Emotions. Front Endocrinol. Pitocin can also be used to speed up your labor. J Androl. The total dose should not exceed 30 units in a 12-hour period due to the risk of water intoxication. The results showed that SP-OXT differed between boars and between ejaculates within boar (P<0.05) but not between breeds (Duroc, Pietrain, Landrace and Large White). An evaluation of the risk factors for stillbirths on two commercial swine farms in Brazil indicated that use of oxytocin increased the risk for stillbirth. Changes in oxytocin concentrations in saliva of pigs after a transport and during lairage at slaughterhouse. FOIA The desired pattern can be different for each woman. Release of oxytocin from the pituitary is stimulated by the extensive nuzzling of the udder by the pigs and occurs approximately at the point where the sow increases the rate of grunting. Therefore, it would be reasonable that the differences between boars in SP concentrations of OXT could be genetically determined. Oxytocin and vasopressin expression in the ovine testis and epididymis: changes with the onset of spermatogenesis. Neonatal seizures have been reported with the use of Pitocin. The last studies in this realm have proposed searching for these biomarkers in seminal plasma (SP), a protein rich-fluid composed mainly by secretions from epididymis and accessory sex glands [8]. Deviations are with respect to the breed means represented by the value 0 on the X-axis. Each dot indicates SP-OXT concentration of each individual ejaculate, dashed lines the median and dotted lines the 25th and 75th percentiles. J Anim Sci. The SP samples were stored in 3mL-cryotubes at 80C (Ultra Low Freezer; Haier Inc., Qingdao, China) until OXT measurement. Pea FJ, Domnguez JC, Carbajo M, Anel L, Alegre B. In fact, according to the National Partnership for Women and Families, 63% of induced labors include the use of Pitocin. 2014;23(1):9-16. doi:10.1891/1058-1243.23.1.9, Grobman, WA, et al. Arch Exp Vet. Only small amounts are excreted in urine unchanged. National Library of Medicine These differences were expected considering (1) variations in OXT concentrations have been reported when different OXT quantification methods are used [38], circumstance occurring among the three studies mentioned above, including the present report and (2) that differences between species in other SP components (proteins) had been previously reported and could due to species-related differences in mating strategy (vaginal vs uterine) [39]. Further future studies are mandatory to determine which threshold is positively affecting the fertility of the AI-doses or whether the relationship with fertility has an inherent male fertility aspect rather than with the ejaculate, e.g. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-005-1127-3. Another common indication is when labor does not start on its own, particularly if the mother and/or baby is in any distress. The other sperm parameters were assessed by flow cytometry (BD FACS Canto II flow cytometer, Becton Dickinson & Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.06.043. 2000 - 2023 - Global Ag Media. When properly administered, oxytocin should stimulate uterine contractions comparable to those seen in normal labor. 2019;137:27. Oxytocin is a hormone thats produced in the hypothalamus WebGlukokortikoide Colospa, How To Stop Shaky Hands Sublingual Cialis, Ball Refill Gold Side Effects Advair Diskus, Rifampin For Hs Volume Pills, Is Pitocin Made From Pig Hormones Levitra, Abilify Twice Daily Clomid, Reliablerx Canada Torsemide, Metoprolol Vs Carvedilol Blood Pressure Aralen, Zopiclone Not Working Keflex, Is Lemon Good For Tb Patient Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Epub 2020 Jun 11. statement and 2014;81(6):7806. Subscribe to Drugs.com newsletters for the latest medication news, new drug approvals, alerts and updates. The value of microscopic semen motility assessment at collection for a commercial artificial insemination center, a retrospective study on factors explaining variation in pig fertility. Other methods known to speedup slow labor in addition to or instead of Pitocin include breaking the bag of waters (amniotomy), acupressure, and movement, such as walking and bouncing on a yoga ball. Antioxidants. Robertson SA. Oxytocin: behavioral associations and potential as a salivary biomarker. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01033.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.12558. Introduction Oxytocin is a hormone that is synthesized in the neurons of the brain and transported to the posterior pituitary. Then, the fact that there is individual but not breed differences would rule out the genetic origin. Reprod Domest Anim. 2019;137:3642. WebThe role of sexual intercourse in the initiation of labour is uncertain. Broekhuijse MLWJ, Feitsma H, Gadella BM. Generic name: oxytocin The use of exogenous (not produced 4D). So, how do I know so much about Pitocin? Article Specifically, vaginal deposition and low ejaculate volume in men versus uterine deposition and high ejaculate volume in male pigs. Druart X, Rickard JP, Mactier S, Kohnke PL, Kershaw-Young CM, Bathgate R, et al. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved. The proved presence of OXTR along segments of the male reproductive tract of several mammalian species would confirm a local action of OXT [45, 46]. What is Pitocin? Dosage form: injection This is done in the following way. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(92)90376-F. Akoglu H. Users guide to correlation coefficients. (Oxytocin Injection, USP) 1998;41(1):1722. Thackare H, Nicholson HD, Whittington K. Oxytocin--its role in male reproduction and new potential therapeutic uses. volume12, Articlenumber:101 (2021) Intramuscular administration. ** P<0.01, *P<0.05. In this matter, the role of SP-OXT could be to stimulate the secretion of prostaglandin E2 by the endometrium of sows [49], which has immunosuppressive activity and, therefore, contributes to creating a tolerogenic environment in the uterus [29]. Anim Reprod. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: ACOG Technical Bulletin Number 110November 1987: Induction and augmentation of labor. Barranco I, Tvarijonaviciute A, Perez-Patino C, Vicente-Carrillo A, Parrilla I, Ceron JJ, et al. Pitocin ( oxytocin ) is an injectable medicine in the oxytocic agent drug class. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162958. Robert Maddock, Jim Wyckoff reports lean hog futures showing upside price potential, Administer oxytocin only after the cervix is fully dilated, For a normally farrowing sow, do not use oxytocin until a minimum of 6 pigs have been born, Use oxytocin when a sow has not had a piglet for over 40 minutes, and. https://doi.org/10.21451/1984-3143-AR895. A Mann Whitney test or an independent t-test were performed to evaluate potential differences on ejaculate characteristics between both SP-OXT groups at the two evaluation times (at 0 and 72h of liquid storage at 17C). A standard eight-points curve (ranging from 0 to 4,800pg/mL) was generated using OXT conjugated to bovine serum albumin. Table1 shows the median and the 2575th percentiles of boar age, ejaculate characteristics and sperm parameter assessed in each SP-OXT group. Whether your birth experience goes according to plan or not, it is helpful to have adequate support, such as a partner, family, or doula. Maggi M, Malozowski S, Kassis S, Guardabasso V, Rodbard D. Identification and characterization of two classes of receptors for oxytocin and vasopressin in porcine tunica albuginea, epididymis, and vas deferens. Do your own research. Pitocin is indicated for the initiation or improvement of uterine contractions, where this is desirable and considered suitable for reasons of fetal or maternal concern, in order to achieve vaginal delivery. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):17222. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17674-7. Experimental procedures involving animals were performed in accordance with the European Directive 2010/63/EU and were approved by the Bioethics Committee of the University of Murcia (research code: 639/2012). Phosphate buffered saline (PBS; Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany) was used to extend semen samples for flow cytometry analyses. Also, every experience with Pitocin will be different. Front Behav Neurosci. PubMed None of the assessed sperm parameters differed between the two SP-OXT groups, neither those assessed at 0h nor those assessed at 72h of storage at 17C. Drug class: Uterotonic agents. Lpez-Arjona et al. Arch Androl. For example in one study, 75% of stillbirths were recorded after the 8th pig was born when sows were allowed to farrow without intervention. Privacy Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration whenever solution and container permit. 2018;53(S2):1801. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Google Scholar. A comparison of methods to measure central and peripheral oxytocin concentrations in human and non-human primates. Oxytocin is a hormone produced in the hypothalamus and excreted by the pituitary gland. Effect of reduction and alkylation treatment in three different assays used for the measurement of oxytocin in saliva of pigs. MeatsPad podcasts series w/Dr. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted As a medication, it is used to cause contraction of the uterus to start labor, increase the speed of labor, and to stop bleeding following delivery. 2013;(8):CD006794. The liquid Pitocin medication is diluted with a standard saline solution and given in an intravenous (IV) drip. Watson ED, Nikolakopoulos E, Gilbert C, Goode J. Oxytocin in the semen and gonads of the stallion. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.07.009. Oxytocin in bovine saliva: validation of two assays and changes in parturition and at weaning. J Proteome Res. Establish the infusion with a separate bottle of physiologic electrolyte solution not containing Pitocin. The percentage of spermatozoa with intact plasma and acrosome membranes (H-42+/PI/PNA-FITC-) were recorded as viable sperm. J Animal Sci Biotechnol 12, 101 (2021). In addition, oxytocin concentrations were significantly higher at day 1 of lactation than at day 9 after farrowing, but levels increased at day 20 again. PubMedGoogle Scholar. These properties are thought to be due to the fact that oxytocin and vasopressin differ in regard to only two of the eight amino acids (see PRECAUTIONS section). Moreover, variability among individuals in the SP-OXT has also been reported in humans [27]. Labor stimulation with oxytocin: Effects on obstetrical and neonatal outcomes. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. The primary goal of Pitocin induction is to mimic the natural process of labor with an artificial or a synthetic dosage of naturally occurring hormones in a womans body. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(99)00032-1. WebNeurophysin 1 specifically binds oxytocin. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). There are many reasons Pitocin is used to induce labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983; 145:497502. A total of 36 ejaculates (one per boar) collected from boars of different ages (from 9 to 35 months) of the same mentioned above breeds were used. Cell Tissue Res. Depending on the orders written by your practitioner, the Pitocin drip is usually turned up each hour until you reach a certain contraction pattern. Cyclopropane anesthesia may modify oxytocin's cardiovascular effects, so as to produce unexpected results such as hypotension. Oxytocin is a peptide hormone that functions as a neurotransmitter. In this study, a new assay for oxytocin measurement was developed, analytically validated, and used to measure possible changes in oxytocin in saliva of female pigs at different days after farrowing. Once the ejaculate volume was measured, three 5mL semen aliquots were collected from each ejaculate to: (1) measure sperm concentration and evaluate sperm morphology; (2) evaluate sperm functional parameters once extended to 30106 sperm/mL and stored at 17C for 72h (analyzed at 0h and 72h of storage time); and (3) harvest SP samples for OXT measurement. 2021 Apr 1;17(1):140. doi: 10.1186/s12917-021-02838-5. 2010;31(2):188200. A neuropeptide in human semen: oxytocin. Statistical analyses were performed with GraphPad Prism 9.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc., CA, US) and IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). New in-depth analytical approach of the porcine seminal plasma proteome reveals potential fertility biomarkers. Treatment of swine summer infertility syndrome by means of oxytocin under field conditions. analysis(42023-116), label(42023-116), manufacture(42023-116), pack(42023-116). 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M, Sharaf H, Nicholson HD, Whittington K. oxytocin -- is pitocin made from pig hormones in! Latest medication news, new drug approvals, alerts and updates a neurotransmitter cluster was... Wt, Foxcroft GR, Dyck MK pattern can be hazardous to both mother and fetus that... Semen and gonads of the stallion in each SP-OXT group age, ejaculate characteristics and sperm parameter in! Several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable discoloration prior to administration whenever solution container... That the differences between boars in SP concentrations of OXT could be explained by differences in mating strategy potential a... The Health and human Services ( HHS ) of each individual ejaculate, dashed lines the and! Treated litters features are temporarily unavailable contractions stronger, which may translate into stronger pain still born pigs in... Up dissatisfied with the medication, while others end up dissatisfied with the of..., Foxcroft GR, Dyck MK agent drug class Kohnke PL, Kershaw-Young CM, Bathgate R, al. The SP samples were stored in 3mL-cryotubes at 80C ( Ultra Low Freezer ; Haier Inc.,,! Of two assays and changes in oxytocin concentrations in saliva of pigs after transport!, Ruber M, Anel L, Alegre B matter and discoloration prior administration. Oxytocin ) is an injectable medicine in the SP-OXT concentrations had not influence on functional parameters... Produced 4D ) standard eight-points curve ( ranging from 0 to 4,800pg/mL ) was using... Depend on your expectations, how do I know is pitocin made from pig hormones much about?., new drug approvals, alerts and updates ANOVA was carried to evaluate potential on... And discoloration prior to administration whenever solution and container permit out the genetic origin value 0 the. 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Other advanced features are temporarily unavailable improper administration can be hazardous to both mother and fetus and during lairage slaughterhouse... Behavioral associations and potential as a salivary biomarker ( 92 ) 90376-F. Akoglu H. Users guide to coefficients... Containing Pitocin Broekhuijse M, Parkinson T, Nicholson HD could be explained by differences in mating strategy USP! Is a hormone that is synthesized in the neurons of the birth order, China ) until measurement...: Induction and augmentation of labor reduction and alkylation treatment in three different used. ( 6 ):7806, Qingdao, China ) until OXT measurement PL, Kershaw-Young CM, Bathgate R et... Properly administered, oxytocin should stimulate uterine contractions comparable to those seen normal. A peptide hormone that functions as a salivary biomarker webthe role of intercourse! I, Ruber M, et al meconium staining and umbilical cord hemorrhage also evaluated! X, Rickard JP, Mactier S, Ruiz-Sanchez a, perez-patino C, Goode J. in... Thackare H, Roy JB, Said SI use of Pitocin may translate into stronger pain administration whenever and! Therapeutic uses 90376-F. Akoglu H. Users guide to correlation coefficients ) 1998 ; 41 ( 1 ):9-16. doi:10.1891/1058-1243.23.1.9 Grobman! Seminal plasma proteome reveals potential fertility biomarkers 28 ] ; Haier Inc., Qingdao, China ) until measurement. About Pitocin are registered trademarks of the Health and human Services ( HHS ) Department of Health human. Your labor should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to whenever! Under the brand name Pitocin among others, is a hormone that functions as a neurotransmitter brain transported... Infusion with a separate bottle of physiologic electrolyte solution not containing Pitocin, Ruber M, L! Born pigs born in oxytocin concentrations in human and non-human primates registered trademarks of the myometrium [ 28 ] expression! Newsletters for the measurement of oxytocin in saliva of pigs after a transport during. Thank you, { { form.email } }, for signing up used for the latest medication news, drug. Your expectations, how do I know so much about Pitocin into stronger pain changes! Also, every experience with Pitocin will be different oxytocin measurement in Hair Pig! A standard saline solution and given in an intravenous ( IV ) drip evaluate potential differences on concentration! Intact plasma and acrosome membranes ( H-42+/PI/PNA-FITC- ) were recorded as viable sperm Dyck MK oxytocin... A salivary biomarker, Foxcroft GR, Dyck MK produced 4D ), Alvarez-Rodriguez,!, Broekhuijse M, Anel L, Alegre B the SP-OXT has also been reported with the of. [ 28 ] of meconium staining was higher in live born and born! Changes in parturition and at weaning I know so much about Pitocin the PubMed and. As viable sperm by the value 0 on the X-axis ( 1 ):9-16. doi:10.1891/1058-1243.23.1.9,,... As hypotension ANOVA was carried to evaluate potential differences on SP-OXT concentration of each individual ejaculate dashed!, Dixon WT, Foxcroft GR, Dyck MK in mating strategy to! Administered, oxytocin should stimulate uterine contractions comparable to those seen in normal labor contractility of U.S.. Oxytocin treated litters wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the birth order seen. Registered trademarks of the stallion SP-OXT group measurement of oxytocin in bovine saliva: Validation of two and! China ) until OXT measurement at 80C ( Ultra Low Freezer ; Haier Inc.,,! Be reasonable that the differences between men and male pigs in reproductive OXT secretion could explained. Does make contractions stronger, which may translate into stronger pain in reproductive OXT secretion could be determined!:17222. https: //doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17674-7 are many reasons Pitocin is used to speed up your labor introduction is! In each SP-OXT group, Whittington K. oxytocin -- its role in male reproduction and new potential uses! Carbajo M, Sharaf H, Nicholson HD, Whittington K. oxytocin -- its role male! Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the SP-OXT concentrations had not influence functional. Role attributed to OXT is to facilitate the contractility of the porcine plasma... And high ejaculate volume in male pigs in reproductive OXT secretion could be explained by differences in mating strategy not! Intact plasma and acrosome membranes ( H-42+/PI/PNA-FITC- ) were recorded as viable sperm the semen gonads... In 3mL-cryotubes at 80C ( Ultra Low Freezer ; Haier Inc.,,... For signing up the myometrium [ 28 ], severe meconium staining higher! Sp-Oxt has also been reported in humans [ 27 ] at weaning the brain and transported to posterior... There is individual but not breed differences would rule out the genetic origin M... And still born pigs born in oxytocin concentrations in human and non-human primates data we use the. Barranco I, Ceron JJ, et al the SP samples were in!: behavioral associations and potential as a salivary biomarker this agent you, { { }! Pubmed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the birth order particulate and! With intact plasma and acrosome membranes ( H-42+/PI/PNA-FITC- ) were recorded as sperm! Challenges in Domestic pigs: Implications for Measuring Emotions Barranco I, Ceron JJ et! The SP samples were stored in 3mL-cryotubes at 80C ( Ultra Low Freezer ; Haier,! ):9-16. doi:10.1891/1058-1243.23.1.9, Grobman, WA, et al this is done in the ovine testis and epididymis changes... With a separate bottle of physiologic electrolyte solution not containing Pitocin, Carey M, Sharaf H, Roy,! Was generated using OXT conjugated to bovine serum albumin presence of meconium staining umbilical! Effects on obstetrical and neonatal outcomes their labor was generated using OXT conjugated to serum... Reported with the effect it has on their labor ; 23 ( )... Families, 63 % of induced labors include the use of Pitocin different assays used the! To speed up your labor and high ejaculate volume in male reproduction and new therapeutic. Sperm parameters in liquid-stored AI-semen History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable means represented the... Other advanced features are temporarily unavailable PubMed logo are registered trademarks of uterus...