Among their functions was to collect and study captured enemy documents. The area was selected by the Second Area Army as a key base for the defense of western New Guinea in September 1943, though by November it had been decided that it would form an outpost to the main defensive positions which were located further to the west. The sinking of over 25,000 tones of Japanese ships earned the unit the nickname . Image courtesy of the Library of Congress. Twelve of these were scheduled to be produced, beginning in March 1943. Many of the captured documents provided significant intelligence to General Douglas MacArthurs forces in the SWPA. [18] For more information regarding the Z Plan see my article The Z Plan Story: Japans 1944 Naval Battle Strategy Drifts into U.S. Hands, Part I and Part II in Prologue, Vol. [15] Under a memorandum of August 27, 1945, CIC was ordered to cease its investigation of wartime collaborators in the Philippines on September 2nd and turn over all records, together with over 5,000 interned Filipinos charged with treason, collaboration and subversive activities, to the Department of Justice of the Philippine Commonwealth Government. Background. Once Manila and its environs had been captured, CIC search and seizure teams located and took custody of large quantities of Japanese documents. Between November 1943 and March 1944 18 Squadron was ordered to prevent Japanese reinforcements reaching the north-east part of Papua and New Guinea. The battle of Hollandia (22-27 April 1944) was part of Operation Reckless and saw the Americans leapfrog past a series of Japanese bases to capture a key position on the northern coast of New Guinea, catching the Japanese almost entirely by surprise and winning an unexpectedly easy victory.. Japanese expansion in East Asia began in 1931 with the invasion of Manchuria and continued in 1937 with a brutal attack on China. The translation of documents captured in the Southwest Pacific Area began with those taken in the Milne Bay operation in August 1942. Simultaneous operations from these two locations, one amphibious and one overland, would converge on the target city. target: "#hbspt-form-1677759698000-1549361125", [14] The 18th Army did not plan for the defense of Hollandia, and the Army Air Force and Naval units stationed there had little opportunity to develop plans due to the rapid turnover of their leadership. This bombing operation was also the moment in the New Guinea campaign when Japanese air power no longer threatened the Allies. Just below the Equator, Biak stood as an outpost guarding the entrance to Cenderawasih (Geelvink) Bay and looking out across the ocean to the distant Philippines. After the occupation of Hollandia and Aitape the Allies were in a strong position, but they did not stop there. This attack, which was designated Operation Cockpit, aimed to prevent the Japanese from transferring air units stationed near Singapore to New Guinea. [10], The colonial capital of Port Moresby on the south coast of Papua was the strategic key for the Japanese in this area of operations. 87 (Japanese Mines and Minesweeping); and, Nos. During the initial phase in early 1942, the Empire of Japan invaded the Australian -administered Mandated Territory of New Guinea (23 January) and the Australian Territory of Papua (21 July) and overran western New Guinea (beginning 29/30 March), which was a part of the Netherlands East Indies. Furthermore, the Milne Bay affair demonstrated once again that an amphibious assault without air protection, and with an assault force inferior to that of the defenders, could not succeed. Report No. The naval command in the Southwest Pacific remained unchanged. Tweet. In November 1944 the 6th Australian Division relieved the last U.S. Army units in the Aitape area and launched a drive down the coast toward Wewak, finally taking it on May 10, 1945. As a result, code breaking was the main source of intelligence. Red 1 was found to be better, allowing LVTs and LCMs to come ashore with their infantry charges, but the approaches had to be cleared by engineers to allow the passage of the larger LCMs and even after this had been completed. The students were mostly second-generation Japanese-Americans (Nisei) from the West Coast. During the second phase, lasting from late 1942 until the Japanese surrender, the Alliesconsisting primarily of Australian forcescleared the Japanese first from Papua, then the Mandate and finally from the Dutch colony. [35], Once the Japanese had decided to give up on Guadalcanal, the capture of Port Moresby loomed even larger in their strategic thinking. Combined Fleet, Third Fleet and Southeast Area Commanders. It was occupied by the Japanese during their invasion of the Dutch East Indies in 1942, who planned to use it as a base for their expansion towards the Australian mandated territories of Papua and New Guinea. He was succeeded in September 1942, by Capt. 126 is Hoko: The Spy-Hostage System of Group Control-The Clue to Japanese Psychology. On April 29, 1944, Research Report No. The most important find was a set of plans and specifications for some of the defenses encountered on the island. On March 1, 1944, soldiers found on the body of the commander of Baba Battalion a copy of a field order issued by him in which he ordered an attack on American positions for that same afternoon. The admirals preferred to bypass the Philippines and take Formosa, which was much closer to Japan. They included: No. They totaled 104 in number. 25 with Anti-Japanese activities in Java; and No. During the so-called atoll campaign in the Pacific, US Navy, Marine Corps, and Army personnel captured many valuable documents on various islands. [16] See The National Archives Arthur Evarts Kimberly and the Allied Translator and Interpreter Sections Document Restoration Sub-Section, 1944-1945.. Their scheme of conquest envisaged control of the Aleutians, Midway, Fiji and Samoa, New Britain, eastern New Guinea, points in the [2] It was not just ATIS that was engaged in captured Japanese records operations. The timing of the landings at Hollandia were moved back to 22 April at around this time due to logistical problems and the Pacific Fleet's other commitments, and it was decided to conduct the landing at Aitape simultaneously with the main assault. RAAF radar could not provide sufficient warning of Japanese attacks, so reliance was placed on coastwatchers and spotters in the hills until an American radar unit arrived in September with better equipment. The documents were then sent on to ATIS, SWPA, for final examination. [4] Within six months, the school had shipped its first 35 graduates to the field, just in time for Guadalcanal and the Buna-Gona campaign. The Z Plan [issued as Admiral Kogas Combined Fleet Secret Operations Order No. [56] On the other hand, the Allied operation had been over-insured; concerns over the strength of the Japanese garrison had left the Allies with a four to one advantage in the event. Fortunately, one American officer wrote in 1944, the enemy as a nation is addicted to keeping diaries, and converting everything into writing.. In addition, about 5,400 survivors of the Japanese defeat at Buna-Gona were moved into the Lae-Salamaua area. All of these factors had to be taken into account in determining the lines of advance in 1944. The survivors were rescued by local villagers and handed over to Lieutenant Colonel Jim Cushing, US Army, the leader of the Philippine Guerrillas. Joseph J. Rochefort (of the Battle of Midway code-breaking fame). After the cessation of hostilities, the War Crimes Echelon, a separate part of ATIS, was established. Capturing it would both neutralize the Allies' principal forward base and serve as a springboard for a possible invasion of Australia. During the first week of March 1945, I Corps ATIS Advanced Echelon on Luzon translated four top secret Japanese operational orders made between February 26th-March 2nd. The Pacific Strategy, 1941-1944. (1944), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Guinea_campaign&oldid=1136220909, 44,000 on Bougainville (politically a part of New Guinea), 30,500 on New Britain, New Ireland, and the Admiralty Islands. [4] See The Beginnings of the United States Armys Japanese Language Training: From the Presidio of San Francisco to Camp Savage, Minnesota 1941-1942,. per cubic foot, this works out to 1,350 cubic feet of records. [19], Allied planners estimated Japanese forces around Hollandia at around 14,000 troops in total. Before the operation against the Japanese at Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, 41 st CIC Detachment Special Agent in Charge Duval Edwards at Finschhaven during March and April 1944 gave many lectures on the great importance of soldiers turning in any captured documents. Japanese makeshift bridges were attacked by P-40s with 500lb (230kg) bombs. 119 deals with the Japanese Military Police Service and Report No. West Papua: Forgotten War, Unwanted People. In February 1944, the Japanese devised a plan known as Z Plan to counter the American naval offensive and destroy the U.S. Pacific fleet. Often, they consisted of combined translations of several documents relating to the same subject, such as (No. He told soldiers that ATIS personnel had told him that they had seen Japanese documents held as souvenirs of earlier battles in New Guinea, which contained information of tactical value which if had been turned in at the time, would have saved lives and shortened battles. [26] Aircraft based at Port Moresby and Milne Bay fought to prevent the Japanese from basing aircraft at Buna, and attempted to prevent the Japanese reinforcement of the Buna area. Before the operation against the Japanese at Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, 41st CIC Detachment Special Agent in Charge Duval Edwards at Finschhaven during March and April 1944 gave many lectures on the great importance of soldiers turning in any captured documents. Their operation plan decreed a five-pronged attack: one task force to establish a seaplane base at Tulagi in the lower Solomons, one to establish a seaplane base in the Louisiade Archipelago off the eastern tip of New Guinea, one of transports to land troops near Port Moresby, one with a light carrier to cover the landing, and one with two fleet carriers to sink the Allied forces sent in response. The campaign was long and arduous, but by the end of 1944 the Japanese threat was contained in New Guinea. Lieut. Engineers operating amphtracks pushed forward from Jautefa Bay to the lake to carry the infantry around the Japanese positions at the lake, completing their flanking maneuver on 25 April. The Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (JICPOA), had its origins in the Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (ICPOA) which had been established on July 14, 1942 in Hawaii as Admiral Chester W. Nimitz intelligence center. The Admiralty Islands having been seized a month ahead of schedule, MacArthur accelerated his advance. Achieving complete surprise, they were able to destroy 340 aircraft on the ground and 60 more aircraft in the air, leaving the 6th Air Division unable to resist the planned invasion. After July 1944, however, documents, including published translations, were prepared under the imprint of CINCPAC-CINCPOA, and the title JICPOA was used only for administrative purposes. The large majority of the defending Japanese troops there had uncharacteristically abandoned their positions and fled inland. ", Samuel Eliot Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 120, The first strike, on 7 April, was against Allied shipping in the waters between Guadalcanal and Tulagi. Japans strategy in the Pacific and Southeast Asia, The Allied offensive in the Pacific, 1944, Casualties and the material cost of the Pacific War. 8, Kanji Abbreviations, Variants, and Equivalents; No. Also that fall, in the vicinity of Myitkyina, CIC Combat Interrogation Team (CIT) No. [33], Initial operations commenced in the second week of March 1944 with air raids by aircraft of the U.S. 5th Air Force and the Royal Australian Air Force attacked Japanese airfields along the New Guinea coast from Wewak to the Vogelkop and on Biak Island. Philippine Series Bulletins represented special reports of items pertaining to the Philippine Islands. Found on the vessel were Japanese documents, including field orders and prisoner interrogation reports that indicated the Japanese knew when and where the American operation was to take place. MacArthur was further determined to conquer all of New Guinea in his progress toward the eventual recapture of the Philippines. 255) Procedure in interrogating and handling [Allied] prisoners of war. Over 420 of these were published. To alleviate this difficulty, in July 1944, an officer was assigned for duty with ATIS for the purpose of organizing a sub-section to clean and restore documents making them more readily legible. The ATIS Information Section supplied information derived from interrogations; translations; and, situation reports, intelligence summaries, maps, photos, and other outside publications. [47], I-Go demonstrated that the Japanese command was not learning the lessons of air power that the Allies were. This information was put to immediate tactical use and resulted in the capture of the position by the US 7th Cavalry Squadron. The Kokoda Trail [was] suitable for splay-toed Papuan aborigines but a torture to modern soldiers carrying heavy equipment", Samuel Eliot Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 34, Buna was easily taken as the Allies had no military presence there (MacArthur wisely chose not to attempt an occupation by paratroopers since any such force would have been easily wiped out by the Japanese). Two months after JICPOA was formed US forces invaded the Gilbert Islands. US troops debark from LST-66 at Tanahmerah Bay Hollandia. In May 1945 ADVATIS followed the advance of General Headquarters into Manila. A force of 800 Australian troops landed on 22 October on either side of the Japanese position. At midnight on 19-20 December 1941 the Japanese attacked the island of Timor. On September 6, 1943, ICPOA was designated a joint Army-Navy-Marine organization by a CINCPAC directive and was given the name Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (JICPOA). ", Samuel Eliot Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 60, planes and PTs went about the sickening business of killing survivors in boats, rafts or wreckage. In addition, their bomb bays were filled with 500-pound bombs to be used in the newly devised practice of skip bombing. The landings took place at dawn on 22 April after a supporting naval bombardment at each site. There was also a small airstrip.To the west, the Cyclops Mountains rise to over 7000 feet (2100 m). [12] Initially, the intelligence product of JICPOA received no CINCPAC-CINCPOA authentication. 14) was published and entitled Japanese Violations of the Laws of War. The report contained 28 pages of translations, each translation accompanied by a photostatic copy of the original document and authenticated under oath by the translator. [24][25] The operation was the 24th Infantry Division's first combat assignment after home defense duties in Hawaii and training in Australia,[26] but the 41st Infantry Division had previously taken part in the fighting in New Guinea in 19421943. MacArthur, with a firm foothold in New Guinea, was determined to move next to the Philippines, from which he had been driven after Pearl Harbor, and from there launch the final attack on the Japanese home islands. [33], Operation Lilliput (18 December 1942 June 1943) was an ongoing resupply operation ferrying troops and supplies from Milne Bay, at the tip of the Papuan Peninsula, to Oro Bay, a little more than halfway between Milne Bay and the BunaGona area. Three weeks later, on March 21, 1944, a captured field order disclosed the Japanese strength at Rossum, New Britain. The battle took place between 22 April and 6 June 1944 and formed part of the New Guinea campaign. While it was beyond MacArthur's capabilities to deny Buna to the Japanese, the same could not be said of Milne Bay, which was easily accessible by Allied naval forces. The Allies proceeded to turn the island into an air base. This information was given to the 163rd Infantry Regiment of the 41st Infantry Division who used it in subsequent offensive operations. US troops man Anti Aircraft MG in New Guinea 1942. At the Kempei Tai (Japanese Military Police) headquarters they found numerous lists of names and evidence of collaboration and disloyalty to the Philippines and the United States. The unit was in effect a miniature ATIS, with various sections, coordinating the production of translation and interrogation reports of immediate operation value. Interrogation of a prisoner confirmed the fact that supplies were being unloaded at Lae from enemy submarines. This information and the examination of shattered emplacements by engineers enabled marine and navy experts to construct in Hawaii exact copies of the Japanese pillboxes on Tarawa and then find the best way to destroy them. According to Morison, "the Japanese retreat down the Kokoda Trail had turned into a rout. The three supporting U.S. cruisers and destroyers began their bombardment around 06:00, concentrating on targets around the entrance to Jautefa Bay and Hollandia. By 1944 the school had outgrown these facilities and moved to nearby Fort Snelling. The umbrella term for the series of strategic actions taken by the Allies to reduce and capture the vast Japanese naval and air facilities at Rabaul was Operation Cartwheel. In early January 1943, Japanese documents taken from the body of a sniper killed near Soputa, New Guinea, revealed the entire standing operating procedure of the Japanese in that area. The US Navy had similar language programs. Allied casualties amounted to 157 killed and 1,057 wounded. The situation was not fully resolved until 3 May when transport aircraft began landing on an airstrip that was hastily built by an engineer aviation battalion at Tami. Hollandia was a port on the north coast of New Guinea, part of the Dutch East Indies, and was the only anchorage between Wewak to the east, and Geelvink Bay to the west. Both Information Request Reports and Information Bulletins were supplanted in June 1944, by Research Reports which fulfilled both requirements. Origins. [9] The documents were quickly brought back to Hawaii. Current Translations were publications containing complete translations of documents classified A, B, C, or D in ATIS Bulletins. In December 1943, an operational order indicating the times and dates at which Japanese submarine were scheduled to appear in designated spots in the Arawe area, New Britain, was translated by ATIS and immediately forwarded to Naval Intelligence where prompt action was taken. However, this is contradictory to the total number of Japanese combat deaths calculated across most individual battles in the campaign. US radio crew sets up communications center just after landing on Hollandia 1944. 117, Infringement of the Laws of War and Ethics by the Japanese Medical Corps, contains information on violations of the Geneva Convention on the rules of warfare and points out how, time and again, medical personnel put to death their own patients. In March 1943, a document was captured showing the submarine schedule between Lae, New Guinea, and New Britain. For his action during the Biak operation, Jack Y. Cannon, the commanding officer of the 41st CIC Detachment received the Silver Star. [41] After rehearsals and loading, on 16 to 18 April the amphibious forces sailed from their bases at Finschafen and Goodenough Island; they joined up with other ships carrying troops bound for Aitape from Seeadler Harbour and then rendezvoused with the escort aircraft carriers providing air cover off Manus Island early on 20 April. First, with completion of the reduction of Rabaul, the South Pacific Area was closed as an active theatre, and Halsey left to take command of the U.S. 3rd Fleet. The destroyer Yayoi, sent to recover these men, was itself bombed and sunk on 11 September. Meanwhile, on 30 March and continuing to 3 April these air forces attacked Hollandia itself and the airfields on the Sentani plain. [5] The first Nisei linguists were tested when the Marines invaded Guadalcanal on August 7, 1942 and flew prisoners of war and captured Japanese documents were sent a short distance away to New Caledonia for processing by the Nisei language team attached to Task Force 6814. Joining JICPOA once it became an inter-service organization were some 50 US Army Military Intelligence Service (MIS) Nisei linguists. 11, Factors in Japanese Military Psychology was ever completed, although the material intended for this publication could have been used instead for Research Report No. Documents were first captured from a Japanese plane downed in the Pearl Harbor attack. Over 120 of these Research Reports were published. Second, the Allies had become convinced that the Japanese were preparing a major seaborne reinforcement and so had stepped up their air searches. An A B and C priority system was established; with A being documents of operational value; B being documents of probable or general value; and, C being documents containing information of no apparent value. No. Neither Kitazono nor Endo had been able to prepare a comprehensive defensive plan, and in any event had neither the men nor the resources to carry it out. For this, he ordered the air arm of Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa's Third Fleet carriers to reinforce the Eleventh Air Fleet at Rabaul. By the end of the war, ATIS had processed over 350,000 documents (or 1,680 cubic feet of records).[17]. The quantity and type of documents captured from the Japanese varied widely. [25] But fighters did provide cover for the transports, and for bombers when their targets were within range. [57] Stephen R. Taaffe reached a similar conclusion. From there the documents were immediately sent to Brisbane for translation by ATIS personnel. The Aussies were fighting mad, for they had found some of their captured fellows tied to trees and bayoneted to death, surmounted by the placard, 'It took them a long time to die'. Then began the grueling Kokoda Track campaign, a brutal experience for both the Japanese and Australian troops involved. It was a grisly task, but a military necessity since Japanese soldiers do not surrender and within swimming distance of shore, they could not be allowed to land and join the Lae garrison. At Anguar Island in the Western Carolinas in early September 1944, agents from the 81st CIC Detachment, with the 81st Infantry Division, captured a large volume of records, including blueprints, books, miscellaneous documents, files, 40 pounds of mail, and Japanese currency and coins. ATIS was directed to make available to the board any and all information having to do with the identification of Japanese war criminals. The War Department Intelligence Service established a secret school at the Presidio of San Francisco to teach individuals to be Japanese-language interpreters and translators. These particular records were shipped to JICPOA in Hawaii and most of those identified as having no military value were then shipped to the Pacific Military Intelligence Service Research Center at Camp Ritchie, Maryland, for translation. When Germany and Italy declared war on the United States days later, America found itself in a global war. [20], I Corps under Lieutenant General Robert Eichelberger provided most of the ground forces for the combined Operations Reckless and Persecution. [17] The Allied Translation and Interpreter Section (ATIS) estimated the average size of a captured document at 12 pages. [22] The cost to the Allied fighters was high. When the Allied forces began to advance, more documents were captured and a much higher proportion was official. 67 (Japanese Warships and Merchant Vessels Sunk, Damaged or not Previously Listed); No. (Map 2) Invasion of Dutch New Guinea. [46], On landing, the U.S. troops came under sporadic small arms and machine gun fire, but this was quickly suppressed. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The Allied victories in 1943 set the stage for the strategic advances of 1944, but they did not determine the exact lines of attack. Combat boundaries were listed. [11] This document was quickly translated and published as ATIS Publication No. The story begins on March 31, 1944, when two Japanese Kawanishi flying boats were enroute to Mindanao in the Philippines. [65][18] In mid-July, the Japanese launched their counterattack with around 20,000 troops, resulting in heavy fighting further inland during the Battle of Driniumor River. Intelligence gained from breaking the codes protecting Imperial Japanese Army radio messages led the Allies to learn that the Hollandia area was only lightly defended, with Japanese forces being concentrated in the Madang-Wewak region. Operations focused on attacking positions and seaborne traffic around Timor, Ambon, and the Kai and Aroe Islands. When Japanese Americans on the West Coast were moved into internment camps in the late spring of 1942, the school moved to temporary quarters at Camp Savage, Minnesota. The Battle for Milne Bay was a small one as World War II engagements went, but very important. [34], Wau is a village in the interior of the Papuan peninsula, approximately 50 kilometres (30mi) southwest of Salamaua. Their noses had been refitted with eight 50-caliber machine guns for strafing slow-moving ships on the high seas. The inventory provided a complete listing of specific weapons, their condition and number in stock, storage locations, and place of manufacture. Report No. This deception effort proved successful. The National Archives at College Park as well as other United States and foreign archival institutions hold copies of these publications. For the military souveniring problem that first began at Guadalcanal see The Marines and Japanese Souvenirs on Guadalcanal August-October 1942., [11] See From Rabaul to Stack 190: The Travels of a Famous Japanese Army Publication.. U.S. Military forces began capturing records almost as soon as the war began and started exploiting them immediately. The submarine picked up the documents on May 11th and sailed to Darwin. This was usually done in the form of listings (usually termed bulletins) that provided a brief description of the records and various types of publications containing full or partial translations of specific documents and publications containing full or partial translations of documents relating to a general or specific topic. They immediately sent back to Australia approximately 3,500 pounds of records, letters, and other documentary material. [40], The 41st Division was to stage from Cape Cretin, while the 24th would depart from Goodenough Island. Australian ground units operated under Gen. Thomas Blarney, commander of the Allied Land Forces SWPA, while Air Vice-Marshal William D. Bostock commanded Australian air units assigned to the Allied Air Forces. Japan's threatened military encroachment closer to Australia hinted at some type of potential invasion of the northernmost frontiers. The Allied reduction of Rabaul was only made possible by relentless air strikes that took place day after day, but Yamamoto thought the damage inflicted by a few attacks of large formations would derail Allied plans long enough for Japan to prepare a defense in depth. [56] Historian Edward J. Drea attributed the success of the operation largely to MacArthur's bold decision to exploit intelligence gained through code breaking, and judged it was "MacArthur's finest hour in World War II and ULTRA's single greatest contribution to the general's Pacific strategy". 'We are repeating the failure of Guadalcanal. It was occupied by the Japanese during their invasion of the Dutch East Indies in 1942, who planned to use it as a base for their expansion towards the Australian mandated territories of Papua and New Guinea. [51] Eight waves landed at White 1 after two LCIs fired rockets at the high ground overlooking the beach where several Japanese antiaircraft guns were located. For this purpose, liaison was established and during July and August ATIS furnished the Board with approximately 1,200 pages of translations. [ 17 ] the documents were first captured from a Japanese plane downed in the Harbor. Captured in the SWPA MacArthurs forces in the vicinity of Myitkyina, CIC Combat Interrogation Team ( CIT No. [ 25 ] but fighters did provide cover for the transports, and bombers. America found itself in a strong position, but they did not stop there, more documents first... 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