However, as viable as the reclamation activities are, many analysts, as well as the residents of the communities where the reclamation activities are taking place, take dim view of the activities. The palms are to be bulldozed with swamp buggies, mangrove top soil exported and seedlings planted to start a pioneer species in a mangrove protected area where no landscape reclamation activity occurs (Figure 10). Since the state Mined Land Reclamation Law was enacted in 1975, DEC has issued more than 4,800 mining permits and more than 3,000 mines have been reclaimed . Sand spreading is when a spreader is mounted on a small floating barge; so sand is discharged alongside with water through perforations in the pipe. The aim of acquiring land varies, but is mainly for possession and or production of goods and services to satisfy socio-economic and socio-cultural needs. It should be noted that land reclamation is not peculiar to Nigeria alone; it is an age-long practice that is common in many parts of the world; coastal areas to be precise. But an extreme form of conversion of a landscape to an aquaculture can be done via dredging and canalization. Two projects in nearby Bacoor Bay will see fishing villages relocated and blocked from the sea by land reclaimed for hotels catering to the new international airport, as well as a mixed-use development zone. Areas that have mangrove vegetation before can be restored through the exportation of mangrove soil and mangrove propagules and allowed for 2030years to develop into a mature mangrove forest. It is crucial to the environment's welfare both now and in the future. The result indicates that Potassium and magnesium had the highest concentration. The state noted that there has been increasing and continuing degradation of the Lagos shoreline as a result of indiscriminate illegal dredging, reclamation and land extensions into the Lagos Lagoon. He advised the Lagos state government to discontinue land reclamation around the Lagos lagoon. White mangroves grow upland while red mangroves grow at the sea shore, so when the former dominate it shows increase in anthropogenic activities. The next kind of management is human management [19]. While noting that reclamation for development is not totally a negative thing, Alo insisted that it should be done with proper environmental analysis which must include the potential impacts and development of mitigation measures through professionals to ensure that such activity fit into the ecological balance of the area. The Abandoned Mine Land (AML) section is a part of the department's Land Reclamation Program which also administers Missouri's reclamation laws for active mines. The sand was brought out from the river by suction pressure through long pipes. In 2013, rainfed agriculture accounted for 380,000 sq km in Nigeria, covering over 40 percent of its national territory . Over population is a major factor that had led to the extension of cities beyond coastal limits. Habitats and ecosystems occurring between the oceans surface (pelagic) as well as the ocean floor (benthic) are the first victims during dredging and sand filling operations. Perhaps, the most popular so far among the land reclamation projects is Eko Atlantic City project w. hich kick started in 2008. UNITED KINGDOM, Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left, Reasons for land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Impact of land reclamation on mangrove and coastal environment, Impact of landscape reclamation on marine ecosystem, The role of human ecology in land reclamation. Growth may also be facilitated by the absorption of soil nutrients embedded in the first layer of soil brought in by tides. The process in Figure 7 may be reversible or irreversible and if not reversible can lead to the total loss of the mangrove forest and the coastal community. The Atlantic City was built by dredging up and filling in 10 kilometers (about 6.2 miles) worth of land. Sand mining activity is a lucrative business in the Niger Delta and is embarked upon by both private individuals and government officials. In South Korea, as at 2006, statistics shows that 1,550 square kilometers of wetlands (representing 38 percent) were reclaimed at Saemangeum. Seventy percent of our mangrove forests are gone, endangering this important ecosystem and causing many species to lose their habitats and breeding grounds. You have entered an incorrect email address! Licensee IntechOpen. They gradually occupy the area through seedling recruitment process. According to him, the ideal way is for the Ministries of Waterfront Infrastructure Development and Physical Planning and Urban Development to lead a Lagos Lagoon Management Plan, a 30-year master plan that will detail the usage, preservation and envision what Lagos Lagoon will look like in the next three decades. The fate of the land reclamation projects depends largely on various local government units. Mangrove litter decomposes to form manure, which further consolidates the soil structure [15]. Presently buildings have been erected on the site, which are occupied by some people. A concatenation of these activities changes the geography of the location, which eventually leads to the gradual loss of the coastal environment to landscape reclamation. They include: Replacement: instead of going back to the original, which is impossible, it involves taking it to a different direction to create a replacement. Manila Bay, the country's center of navigational trade and commerce, is shared by five cities in Metro Manila and four coastal provinces. The problem is that mangroves provide numerous ecosystem services to the local people while the palms provide no ecosystem service to the people. Located in the west-central part of Nigeria, Minna is a quiet and beautiful city in Nigeria. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. description of the basic customary land tenure rules in Nigeria. The crude oil resource is mainly present in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, which is the centripetal force on which the nations economy revolves [3]. Analyzing further, Adelekan posited that the changing land cover in the Lagos coastal area shows that between 1986 and 2002, the amount of developed land comprisingresidential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other use had experienced tremendous increase from 85.4 square kilometres (43.36per cent) to 111.9 square kilometres (56.8per cent). In alphabetical order, the states are as follows: Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, Zamfara. One thing is certain; when you do reclamation like this, there are other aspects of the environment that you destroy. These activities automatically put pressure on the coastal community when other infrastructural activities such as living quarters for staff, health facility, recreational ground and educational facilities are established for workers and their families. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60s in Nigerias economic capital. The latter is derived from coastal activities such as oil and gas, shipping, fishing, tourism and commerce. roads, buildings, industries and parks. Land reclamation is the process of creating new land from the sea; towns to use as examples should be those close to riverine areas in the country. 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Nigeria has a total of 36 states, and 774 Local Government Areas that are spread across the 39th most populous country in the world. The Copernicus Sentinel-1 mission takes us over part of the Dutch province of Flevolandthe newest province in the Netherlands and one of the largest land reclamation projects in the world. These laws place ownership of all mineral resources in the federal government rather than the state governments, who are custodians of all land. Reclamation can be defined as the chemical or physical manipulation carried out in severely degraded sites, such as open pit mines, abandoned crude oil well or large-scale construction site [6, 7]. Port-Harcourt, Warri and Lagos are at the sea level. Intertidal areas, which are above water lines, are more often the site for reclamation. The provisions of the EIA Act No. The gigantic project, like others, is being done as a Public Private Partnership (PPP) between Lagos state government and Orange Island Development Company (OIDC). This is because the adventitious roots of the mangrove forest serve as tidal breaks. During exploration the coast is first dredged, cleared of vegetation and reclaimed in other to create a plat form for mounting pillars that carry oil pipelines and well heads. This process of land reclamation is known as infilling while the materials used for it is known infilll. Luloff, James C. Finley and Donald G. Hodges. Land can either be physical or economic. Before reclamation the site is cleared, which leads to the destruction of native plant species within the reclaimed area [3]. The sand filled area became the dumping ground for sand, where trucks evacuated the sand to buyers. Bombay's Back Bay reclamation was first mooted in the 1860s, then revisited in the 1920s. The way the practice is being done in Nigeria encourages subsidence along the coast. The implication of these landscape reclamations is that the destruction of mangrove forests lead to a colossal loss of ecosystem services to the environment. Industry experts are also concerned with the level of compliance with existing Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. Map of Niger Delta Nigeria (circled) bordering the Atlantic Ocean has the biggest mangrove forests in Africa. Our team is growing all the time, so were always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. The succession process in the Niger Delta occurs in three phases (Figure 7). This occurs during off-shore drilling in mangrove swamps. This will however, take 1020years to stabilize. The implication of the influx of activities at the coast is the solidification of the swamps resulting to the gradual loss of biodiversity [11]. In 2014, an area measuring 100m50m was dredged and sand filled. For their reclamation efforts the Town received the 2002 New York State Mined Land Reclamation Award. Members of the public have been advised to comply with the Stop Work/Suspension Orders or risk facing criminal charges and the confiscation of their dredging equipment by the government, the officials said. Another resident, Owowole Ayante, appealed to the dredging company to halt further project work on the site until a channel is created, adding that this would make members of the community to be able to navigate their boats into the lagoon to fish. Creating an artificial island is an expensive and risky undertaking. Succession: this is the replacement of a particular land use with another land use. Located at the north-western tip of the island, the reclaimed land comes as space earmarked for military use becomes increasingly squeezed on the mainland. Increasing population in small communities had also led to the reclamation of coastal areas to create room for the construction of houses to accommodate more people. Coastal areas are often favorite sites for establishing industries that need river water to cool turbines. For instance, establishment of refinery in a locality leads to the reclamation of more coastal lands to harbor the cluster of people who come to seek for jobs. CTRL + SPACE for auto-complete. This smart city (Songo IBD) is now part of the elements that is very crucial to the economy of the Asian country because of wide-range of economic activities that are connected to it. Lagos - 8,048,430 Lagos is one of earth's largest urban areas. The entry of big machinery into the swamp had added more stress to the coast by destroying many soil-dwelling and benthic organisms. Expansion of creeks allow for navigational activities, commerce and construction. Increased turbidity leads to the blockage of light beyond water surface, thus hampering photosynthetic activities below the water surface such as the benthic region. Together the system of management is called ecosystem management, which is a way of managing reserve to benefit biodiversity and people. The dredged soil that is evacuated from the river bottom is dumped on land surface and smothers coastal vegetation such as mangroves. Metro Land Reclamation: Safety concerns of a sand-filled Lagos July 16, 2014 BY ChARLES KUMOLU LOCATED in between Obalende and Third Mainland Bridge. On the Ejigbo development, Dr. Salako pledged to stop the project, stressing that anyone who reclaims, sand-fill or dredges land in the state without clearance from the ministry of the waterfront is doing it illegally. The reclamation will take place at Singapores largest island which is the Northern Pulau Tekong. The Missouri Department of Natural Resources is the administrative authority working through the Missouri Mining Commission. I see nothing wrong in sand filling or perhaps reclaiming land from the sea. Several laws have been enforced to restrict construction in certain important zones and simultaneously laws have been levied to reclaim land from these zones. The governments position was contained in a statement jointly signed by the Commissioner for Physical Planning and Urban Development, Dr. Idris Salako and his counterpart in the Ministry of Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Kabiru Ahmed Abdullahi. How? Land reclamation requires heavy construction work, bulldozers, scrapers, excavators, continuous operation . Like other Atlantic Cities in some parts of the world, Eko Atlantic is constructed to be a citadel of infrastructural development because it is designed to create over 250,000 new jobs and address housing deficit. The direct causes include: (i) land expansion, (ii) construction activities, (iii) land acquisition and (iv) succession (land-forming activities of mangroves). The surrounding coastal area that was dredged and reclaimed was twice the existing land surface. The city was the capital of Nigeria between 1960 and 1975. This is because of the rising spate of sand mining activities that had taken over most coastal areas. A conceptualized reclamation pattern in coastal communities in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. For indigenous vacations in Nigeria, Calabar is often the first location that comes to mind, hence why it's among the most beautiful cities in Nigeria. According to the former deputy vice Chancellor, (Academic and Research), University of Lagos, Prof. Babajide Alo, land reclamation without due Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) could lead to serious environmental degradation. The land reclaimed is known as reclamation ground or land fill . 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Species within the reclaimed area [ 3 ] fate of the basic customary land tenure rules in Nigeria site reclamation! Reclamation requires heavy construction work, bulldozers, scrapers, excavators, operation... Dredged and sand filled area became the dumping ground for sand, where trucks evacuated the sand.... Of mangrove forests in Africa and gas, shipping, fishing, tourism and commerce litter decomposes to manure! To restrict construction in certain important zones and simultaneously laws have been enforced to restrict construction in important. Largely on various local government units do reclamation like this, there other...

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