AGI's Critical Issues Program is generously underwritten in memory of Charles L. Weiner. Haiyuan County alone lost more than 50% of its population in the disaster. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com, Haiyuan Landslides, China, 1920 - 200,000 deaths, Vargas Tragedy, Venezuela, 1999 - 30,000 deaths, Khait Landslides, Tajikistan, 1949 - 28,000 deaths, Armero Tragedy, Colombia, 1985 - 20,000 to 23,000 deaths, Yungay Landslide, Peru, 1970 - 22,000 deaths, Diexi Landslides, China, 1933 - 9,300 deaths, North India Landslides, India, 2013 - 5,700 to 6,054 deaths, Huaraz Debris Flow, Peru, 1941 - 5,000 deaths, Nevado Huascaran Debris Fall, Ranrahirca, Peru, January 1962 - 4,500 deaths, Vajont Dam Landslide, Italy, 1963 - 2,500 deaths, Kelud Lahars Landslide, Indonesia, 1919 - 200 deaths. When was Rostislav Khait born? Landslide damages are one of the most costly natural disasters in the United States. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Only about a thousand bodies could be recovered although it is indicated that at least 30,000 people lost their lives in this landslide tragedy. The worst affected areas included the the epicenter of the earthquake in the Haiyuan County in what is now the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, as well as the neighboring provinces of Gansu and Shaanxi. For the fastest reinstatement, please tell us your IP . Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Vargas Tragedy, Vargas, Venezuela, December 1999 (30,000 deaths), 1. The biggest problem here was that the debris of the landslides blocked the rivers and caused major overflows resulting in terrible floods. Chau K.T., Wong R.H.C., Liu J. and Lee C.F. Those past landslides reshape the slope, making it. 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; local modern spelling: Hoit (Tajik: ).. Yablokov, Alexander (February 2001). This slide was reported to have travelled 12 km. A landslide refers to any form of mass wasting characterized by movement of rocks, soil, or other debris downhill assisted by gravity. [3] Published estimates of the number of casualties range from 5,000 to 28,000. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. (2009) then consider the fatalities caused by the landslides. Therefore, the authors of the report extend their sincere gratitude for assistance in the course of our work. Almost a hundred villages were devastated, taking about 5,100 lives. Regular readers will know that one of my interests lies in trying to get a better understanding of the loss of life associated with landslides. In terms of total natural damage claims, storms cost Norwegian insurance companies the most but landslides result in far greater single payouts. It triggered hundreds of landslides throughout the epicentral area. A landslide near Cusco, Peru, in 2018. Communities are urged to examine their costs of landslide damage and to evaluate the feasibility of several alternative programs that, for a modest investment, could significantly reduce these losses. On the Tajik side, the highest extent of natural hazard is observed in Dogiston, Yel and Shurobod (mountains) Jamoats and across a number of Jamoats of Hamadoni and Farkhor districts, at Pyandj and Kyzylsu River floodplain (plains), while on the Afghan side, at south-eastern part of Chahi-Ab administrative district (Takhor province, mountains), Pyandj River floodplain, lower reaches of Djilgai-Jangikala and Kunduz Rivers and Kochka River mouth (plains of Kunduz and Takhar provinces). Casting Landslide requires an unobstructed enemy target. In December of 1941, the residents of Huaraz, a Peruvian city in the Ancash region, were completely unaware that a retreating glacier tongue above their city would soon be responsible for wreaking havoc its people and claim thousands of the lives living within. 1933. By looking at contempory reports of the population of the Khait area and census data on settlement size and population density they reject earlier estimates of the loss of life. The relevance of recent heavy rain and an almost synchronous seismic event are considered but it is concluded that the movement was the result of progressive failures and tectonic weakening while the landslide hazard was increased by the presence of rice paddy fields in the valley bottom. The landslide was triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake and buried 33 villages and has by some estimates killed 28,000 people. (2009). The landslide is located on the Kabir Kuh anticline in Southwest Iran at 33 degrees north latitude, 47.65 degrees east longitude. This flow continued down the valley floor for more than another 4,000 m, despite the relatively low slope (3.6). The landslide has a volume of about 20 cubic kilometers, a depth of 300 m, a travel distance of 14 km and a width of 5 km. Article history: Earthquake-triggered landslides are a major geological hazard in Central Asia. Landslides triggered by the 1949 Khait Earthquake, Tajikistan, and associated loss of life Engineering Geology DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.08.007, Evans, S., Bishop, N., Fidel Smoll, L., Valderrama Murillo, P., Delaney, K., & Oliver-Smith, A. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. Landslides are caused by rain, earthquakes, volcanoes, or other factors that make the slope unstable. The mushrooming of hydroelectric dams in Uttarakhand was also another important factor held responsible for the environmental damage. [2], The volume of the initial rockfall has been estimated as 54 million cubic metres (MCM), expanding to about 65 MCM as it broke up. Huge boulders in the landscape can be signs of past debris flows. A recent estimate of the total annual cost of landslide damage is in excess of $1 billion {Schuster, 1978}. Topple: A block of rock that tilts or rotates forward and falls, bounces, or rolls down the slope 4 f Landslides Occurrence, Affects and Parts Occurrence Parts of Land slide 1. In late 2004 and early 2005, an intense series of rainstorms impacted southern California, causing flooding and innumerable landslides throughout the region. Where certain geologic Main scarp : A steep surface on the conditions exist . Re: Second Appeal - Ohio Township (Monroe), PA ID: 111-57988-00, FEMA-4424-DR-OH, Grants Manager Project 100652 - Result of Declared Incident, Landslides and Slope Stabilization. The disaster struck the southern limits of the Tien Shan ranges in central Tajikistan. The old town of Diexi suffered the worst fate of all as it sank into the landslide-created dam below. The weather can contribute to landslides and can be a terrible and ferocious disaster which cannot be tamed. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. In the Yasman valley hundreds of loess Acknowledgements Losses from landslides in the United States were estimated in 1980 to exceed $1 billion per year. Debris and mud flows are rivers of rock, earth and other debris saturated with water. Economic damage caused by major landslides worldwide as of 2016. Following this, as hazard management, a set of tunnels called Ampera Tunnels were built to control the craters water levels. As the ice sheet moved rapidly down the slopes, it gathered rock and debris from the mountain and strengthened in force, completely burying several villages in Ranrahica underneath it. The lahars soon engulfed the town of Armero, killing thousands there, while casualties were also reported in such other towns as Chinchin. It is said that the circus clown led them to a tent on the higher ground thus saving their lives. A more recent study, based on the size of affected settlements and the likely population density, gave an estimate of 7,200 of which about 800 were caused by the Khait landslide and 4,000 by the Yasman valley flowslide. For the Khait landslide itself they conclude that about 800 fatalities is probably a reasonable estimate - note that this very considerably less than earlier estimates. Do you need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete? Social agitators claim that many people lost their lives mainly because the area did not have strict rules on the construction of homes, which allowed people to build homes on unstable ground. As per estimates, approximately 10% of the population of Vargas perished in the disaster. Most Expensive Home Insurance Claims Claims for water damage and freezing are the third most-costly type of home insurance claim. Expansive soils contain a significant amount of clay which can expand when wet and shrink when dry. In July 1949, the M7.4 Khait earthquake triggered many hundreds of landslides in a mountainous region near the southern limit of the Tien Shan Mountains, central Tajikistan. The American Geosciences Institute represents and serves the geoscience community by providing collaborative leadership and information to connect Earth, science, and people. Dear Ms. Merick: This is in response to your letter dated July 16, 2021, which transmitted the referenced second appeal on behalf of Ohio Township (Applicant). The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, then part of the Soviet Union. [3], The main shock was preceded by two foreshocks (M5.1 and M5.6) on 8 July, just 12 minutes apart. For example, water supplies, fisheries, sewage disposal systems, forests, dams, and roadways can be affected for years after a slide event. The consequences were disastrous with the forming of an inland tidal wave, the force of the fall was so terrible that the atomic bomb type of powerful gust of air crushed the city of Longarone with only 30 children managing to survive. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. To request access reinstatement, contact us at [email protected]. In January of 1962, a thaw triggered the breaking off of a portion of the north summit of the mountain, leading to a landslide/avalanche that led to the tragic death of nearly 4,500 people. The 50,000 landslides at the epicenter of Haiyuan County (today called the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region) with the widespread breaking of the ground led to a series of aftershocks that lasted three years. The damages can be significantly reduced, however, through the combined action of technical experts, government, and the public. The damaging shaking of major earthquakes can be felt hundreds of miles away. 800 people lost their lives when . A statue of a grieving woman is built at the site which serves as a reminder of this landslide, recorded as one of the worst in history. The adjacent valleys of Yasman and Khait were the most affected by these earthquake-induced landslides. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Landslides occur in a variety of environments, characterized by either steep or . The unchecked tourism in the region had promoted the rapid growth of hotels, roads, and shops throughout the region without paying heed to the environmental laws and demands of the ecosystem. The Khait Landslide involved rockslides with saturated loess travelling at an estimated average velocity of around 30 meters per second. One significant but until now slightly elusive such event has been the 1949 Khait earthquake. A re-examination of the mechanism and human impact of catastrophic mass flows originating on Nevado Huascarn, Cordillera Blanca, Peru in 1962 and 1970, On the loss of life in landslides during the 1949 Khait earthquake. The natural calamity which struck the rural district of Haiyuan on the evening of December 16, 1920 claimed over 100,000 lives, and severely damaged an area of approximately 20,000 square kilometers. [2], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}391044N 705208E / 39.17889N 70.86889E / 39.17889; 70.86889. Next in terms of significance are mudflows and landslides for mountainous parts and floods for flatlands. The area is still at risk as the environment is conducive to powerful lahars even today. The town of Khait (modern spelling Hoit (Tajik: )) and the village of Khisorak were almost completely destroyed by the Khait landslide. Almost half of the U.S. states are at risk for earthquake damage. The northern wall of Mount Huascarn was destabilized, causing a rock, ice and snow avalanche and burying the towns of Yungay and Ranrahirca. On August 5, 1933, a strong earthquake triggered a massive landslide in Diexi, Mao County, Szechwan, China. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Some 1,221 people died and the barangay of Guinsagon was buried. The massive landslides were triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake killing thousands of innocent people. Access to full-text content in BioOne Complete from this IP address has been suspended. An earthquake created a landslide which buried 33 villages, killing up to 28,000 people. 1949, Khait, Tajikstan. Landslide material can also block rivers and increase the risk of floods. Landslides cause property damage, injury, and death and adversely affect a variety of resources. Copyright 2023. The improper development at the hillsides in these regions and also the lack of construction laws led to the cramped, possibly overpopulated settling in the risky hilly regions. Sindulan and, Barangay Tinaan, Naga City, Cebu. The rainfall triggered a series of large and small flash floods and debris flows that claimed around 30,000 lives in the region. The Regional Director . . It is important to understand how the reluctance of visitors to travel to and within 'landslide areas' is affected after an event that has received publicity and/or caused casualties and how a period of . [2], Published estimates for the death toll from the earthquake vary greatly between 5,000[2] and more than 29,000. However, some rather speculative reports have suggested that the impacts were very large for example this article in Mountain Research and Development reported a huge landslide at a site that it termed Borgulchak Rock. The work was determined to be ineligible because there was no damage to the roadway at that time, and there was no apparent immediate threat. Privacy Policy, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Estimating the costs of landslide damage in the United States. Such simple measures could save lives and empower local communities to take some ownership of their level of landslide risk. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Official websites use .gov A faint rumbling sound that increases in volume is noticeable as the landslide nears. This will be the topic of an upcoming post.ReferenceEvans, S., Roberts, N., Ischuk, A., Delaney, K., Morozova, G., & Tutubalina, O. The impact of a landslide can be extensive, including loss of life, destruction of infrastructure, damage to land and loss of natural resources. One such natural catastrophe occurred in July of 1949, when the 7.4 magnitude Khait Earthquake triggered hundreds of landslides near the southern limits of the Tien Shan ranges in central Tajikistan. It had an estimated magnitude of 7.5 '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000002-QINU`"'Mw. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". the cost of so many lost lives most agreed that this madness could never happen again 2 world war 2 death toll estimate 72 . On March 11, 1996, OES forwarded the city's appeal to Region IX with the request that the DSR be revised to include landslide repair costs that are eligible under 44 CFR 206.225. The whole town consisting of about 9,000 to 9,300 people was destroyed, and Diexi was completely submerged in water. A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Management and Analitical Center at Committee of ES&CD Tajikistan, Azimov Alimardon Shoirmardonovich, Director of FAZO Institute of the State Committee for Land Management and Geodesy of Tajikistan and Shahbozov Shahboz Amzalievich, chief engineer of FAZO Institute, Research Center of the State Committee for Land Management and Geodesy of Tajikistan, Farshed Karimov Deputy Director of the Institute of Geology, Seismology and Earthquake Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, the staff workers of WHO, UN IOM, Imomberdi Berdor, Program Officer of Focus Humanitarian Assistance in Tajikistan, Jumaeva Svetlana, Executive Director of the Center for climate change and disaster reduction, Doctor Mohammad Daim Kakhar, General Director of the Afghan National Office of Disaster Management, Aidan OLeary, Head of UN OCHA Afghanistan, Doctor Emlyn Hagen of NATO 3C Agency, Stefano Disperati, Chief Information Officer of iMMAP in Afghanistan, Nur Mohammad Kashani, Chief Program Officer of FOCUS Humanitarian Assistance in Afghanistan.